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Thoughtful Fundamentalists?

In a classic case of poisoning the well (a logical fallacy), Kevin Bauder concludes that “thoughtful fundamentalists” will be “OK” with Clarence Sexton preaching at their FBFI conference, because he’s now got an acceptable KJO position.  I’m not kidding:  if you don’t agree with Bauder, you are not a “thoughtful fundamentalist,” which, of course, he is, along with anyone who agrees with him.

Bauder’s view here represents an intellectual vacuum in fundamentalism.  His kind of thoughtful reminds me of Jehoshaphat in 2 Chronicles 18, as he considered allying with Ahab.  His father Asa had been in utter separation with the north, but the perceived benefits (18:2,3) of a northern alliance, perhaps lofty images of coalition grandeur, the man who reunited a divided kingdom, influenced his thoughts.  I’m sure he was thinking, but his thinking was patently wrong.  Bauder’s is too.

Thoughtfulness for Bauder is looking at the wording of Clarence Sexton’s school website for minutiae on the Crown College use of the King James.  Like Ahab, Sexton knows how to tweak a statement in order to attain an alliance.  But Bauder, like Jehoshaphat, can’t see through it.  He digs into butchered sheep and oxen served by Ahab and decides everything’s OK now.

Bauder crawls over 1-2-3 pray with me, the false gospel, the silly carnival atmosphere, the irreverence, the superficial theology, Jack Schaap, hero worship, the lack of church discipline, rank pragmatism of the highest order, Jack Trieber, Tony Hudson, and all the rest of the fragmented and unrepentant remains of the Hyles coalition to find subtle wording in one version of a statement on the use of the King James.  This is his “thoughtful fundamentalism.”

Quite a few people would agree with Bauder.  KJO is their major separating issue.  With this criteria, Bauder concludes, Sexton OK, KJO bad.  I was enlightened by Bauder’s article, because I had never heard explained how that KJO had risen to the level of a false gospel.  Now we can see it’s worse than a false gospel, but I had never heard an explanation.  From Bauder, we get one.

He says KJO is a serious error because it denigrates the Word of God by saying that other versions are not the Word of God.  As I see it, many KJO, such as myself, believe (for the dreaded doctrinal reasons) that there is only one Bible, one set of Words, like Christians have believed for centuries.  I wouldn’t say about other versions, “This isn’t the Word of God,” because a biblical position is more sophisticated than that. In other words, those versions do contain the Word of God.  However, words that contradict each another can’t both be the Word of God.  Only yellow is yellow.  Red isn’t yellow.  Bauder, I guess, expects people to accept contradictory words.  This should help you understand how messed up fundamentalism is.  Unless you agree that red is yellow, you’ve reached a level of serious error.

Knowing what Bauder has said and written about separation in the past, his explanation in this post somehow means that KJO undermines the gospel.  Now Sexton actually undermines the gospel by, well, encouraging a false gospel, but Sexton is now approved by Bauder solely because he’s cleaned up his act enough on the King James.  If you didn’t think before that the King James wasn’t the third rail of fundamentalist politics, you should now.  This is not just unthoughtful.  You’re required to park your brain at the door.  It’s no wonder that men have complained that fundamentalism isn’t very mental.

I don’t care if fundamentalists separate from me because I believe in the perfect preservation of scripture.  If they think that’s false doctrine, they should separate.  But fundamentalists don’t separate from false doctrine.  They’re not even separating in this case over a false gospel, among many other good reasons to separate from Sexton.

Bauder’s post doesn’t surprise me about fundamentalism.  I watched the online video introduction of Steve Pettit as the new president of Bob Jones University.  Pettit has introduced many fundamentalists, bridged the gap, to Getty, Townend, and Kauflin.  Pettit was there when Northland went where it did. He worked with Matt Olson for many years while Northland was tanking.  What hope does anyone have that Bob Jones won’t continue its slide?  I write this, knowing it really is just shuffling the deck chairs on the Titanic.  These are not institutions either in the Bible or that God has promised to preserve.  They have zero biblical authority.

I was reading comments about the transition to Pettit, and one fundamentalist complained that he was one of those guys who believed women shouldn’t wear pants.  Not long after, someone produced a picture of a woman working with Pettit wearing blue jeans.  Instant relief.  All is well again among thoughtful fundamentalists.  Pettit’s women wear pants.  Phew!

Perhaps here is a thoughtful question.  What has Sexton done to merit an FBFI national conference speaker status?  What does anyone do to get that slot in a national conference?  Is it because he has been faithful to the Word of God?  Is it because his church is a model of biblical obedience?   Is he a model of biblical preaching?  Bauder concludes by saying that a good reason to allow Sexton on your platform is to encourage him for having his feet pointed in the right direction on KJO.

Let’s think through this in an attempt to be thoughtful.  If someone is bound in horrible, deceiving, gospel undermining error and you think he might be changing, because he’s tweaked one point in one of his doctrinal statements on one of his websites, you would do well to have him preach in a national meeting in order to encourage him to go further with these types of moves.  Go straight to the national meeting with him.  Dangle that carrot to make him move further.  Is this a good motivation for change? Isn’t this just politics?  Isn’t this really just more fundamentalism?

Lordship Salvation for “Dummies”

As a pejorative, inventors of a new doctrine of salvation have titled what is the historical and biblical plan of salvation, “Lordship salvation.”  The terminology doesn’t sound bad to me, so I own it.  However, all sorts of garbage have been dumped on it to where it must be defined.  One risk is cherry-picked quotes taken out of context.  Lordship salvation isn’t hard to defend, just avoiding tortured sound bytes.  The pejorative nature of “Lordship salvation” is that “Lordship” is added to salvation.  I still like the label because it distinguishes from a deficient doctrine of salvation most common today in professing evangelicalism and fundamentalism.

When I evangelize the lost, I often make four points:  (1)  we are all sinners [none of us are good], (2)  we deserve a penalty for sin, (3)  Jesus died for us, and (4) we must believe in Jesus Christ.  That fourth point is most difficult for folks.  In order, the degree of difficulty has been 4, 2, and 1, with 3 being no problem at all —  people accept Jesus died for them.  Almost every religion and every person I ever talk to agrees with number 3.  From the non-Lordship position, that means that almost everyone in America is already saved, because 80 plus (probably 85 plus) percent of the people I talk to agree that Jesus is Savior.  They accept Jesus as Savior.  That would also make me one of the most successful evangelists in the history of mankind, because I’ve talked to thousands and thousands of people with them agreeing with #3.
We’ll park on point 4:  we must believe in Jesus Christ.  And I elaborate that it is faith alone, separate from works.  Wow, that sounds like salvation by faith.  It does, because it is salvation by faith, and, therefore, by grace.  Whatever doctrine someone believes will agree with everything else in the Bible if it is true.  If it’s by works, it’s not by grace.  If it’s by faith, it’s by grace.  Faith is not a work.  An interesting aspect to opponents of “Lordship salvation” is their sometimes teaching that faith is a work.  They target “Lorship salvation” for frontloading works — which it doesn’t — but they themselves then teach salvation by works, because they teach faith itself is a work.  I wag my head over that.
The two major parts to “believe in Jesus Christ” are, first, “believe,” and, second, “Jesus Christ.”  If “believe” isn’t biblical believe and “Jesus Christ” isn’t biblical Jesus Christ, then you don’t have salvation.  I can believe in Jesus, but if Jesus is a jar of peanut butter, he won’t save me.  If Jesus is the spirit brother to Satan or just the archangel Michael, he won’t save me.  So I spend time when I’m evangelizing talking about “what believing means” and “who Jesus is.”  I say that “a lot of people are confused about what it means to believe in Jesus Christ, so I’m going to explain to you what that means.”  Even non-Christians believe this.  They know many professing Christians are not Christian.

It seems that non-Lordship people aren’t so concerned about the identity of the Jesus people believe in.  He only needs to be Savior for the proper outcome to their conversation.  Many also exclude “repentance” and if they don’t, they often define “repentance” as merely a change of mind.  It’s very, very important, they say, that people understand that salvation is free.  Language of “Lord” and “change of direction” or “turning from sin” would make salvation then become by works, according to them.  As a result, the non-Lordship people return from “evangelism” regaling of dozens and dozens saved, very few baptized, and even fewer to none joining.  I don’t know if “conversion” is proper language, because it might hint of a different kind of life, which might smack of works.

Is it true that a lot of people say they believe in Jesus Christ, but don’t believe in Jesus Christ?  Of course so.  And people are more messed up about that than ever.  The Bible reveals a faith that cannot and will not save (Acts 8, 1 John 2, James 2) as well as “another Jesus” (2 Corinthians 11).   The doctrine of “faith” and the doctrine of “Jesus” can both be perverted and often are today.  So both those, “believe” and “Jesus Christ,” must be explained from scripture.
The two biggest ways that both “believe” and “Jesus Christ” are perverted or corrupted today are related to one other.   The gospel is corrupted when “believe” does not include repentance and “Jesus Christ” does not include Him as Lord.  Jesus is the way to the Father (John 14:6).  You can’t get there going your way, and your way happens to be idolatrous until then (see Rom 1).  Jesus said that if you did not repent, you would perish (Luke 13:3,5).  He said if you believe, you won’t perish (John 3:16), so part of what it means to believe is to repent.
Why don’t people turn to Jesus’ way?  Because they don’t believe in Him.  When you believe He is Lord, you start to follow Him.  You come after Him, as Jesus put it (Luke 9:23).  You seek Him, as Isaiah 55:6-7 puts it.  Before someone repents, he’s going down the broad road that leads to destruction, but when He repents (and believes), he’s now going down the narrow road that leads to life eternal.  Jesus’ call to go down the narrow road was to “enter ye in at the strait gate” (Matthew 7:13-14).   All of this is defining repentant faith, which is not a work (Philip 1:29).
We are saved by God through the Lord Jesus Christ.  We are saved by believing in Jesus Christ.  2 John 1:9-11 (cf. 1 John 2:22-24) teach that you cannot be wrong on the identity of Jesus Christ and be saved.  It’s a doctrinal test of faith.  The identity of Jesus Christ more than any one point in the New Testament is His Lordship.  I have mentioned in some of my comments that this is a major part of the New Testament.  The New Testament starts with a genealogy to show that Jesus is the fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant, the King who will sit on the throne forever (2 Sam 7:16ff).  Some were looking for that King, even as you see the testimonies of Zacharias, Elizabeth, Simon, Anna, Joseph, Mary, and the magi.  Of course, they too needed to believe He was a suffering Messiah (Luke 24, Isaiah 52-53), but to start, He was the Messiah.  He was the King, which means that they needed to give in to His demands.
Paul talks about Jesus being confessed as Lord (Romans 10:9-10).   He includes before that a quote of Deuteronomy 30:11-14, which is part of the covenant of Deuteronomy 30.  Israel could be blessed through obedience and cursed through disobedience.  The blessing of the covenant is found through the seed — this is the new covenant.  We couldn’t keep the law without Jesus Christ.  Our faith in Jesus Christ is relinquishing our life to Jesus as Lord, which is believing that He is the Messiah, that is, the King.  Or as Peter put in Acts 5 in His sermon there, both Prince and Savior.   In Acts 2, he was warning them that day that the resurrected one would come back as Lord, which was a warning to them to turn to Him, to repent.

God’s people are a covenant people.  They became this people, His people, by entering into a covenant.  The ground for the New Covenant is faith.  The covenant is made between someone and someone else.  One side is the LORD, and the other side is a vassal.  The faith inextricably intertwines with Who Jesus is.   According to the covenant, Jesus is God and Lord and Savior and the vassal, provided for by the death and shed blood of Christ, recognizes His authority and acquiesces to Him.  Paul said he was an able minister of the New Covenant (2 Cor 3:6).  Of course, God does all the saving. Deuteronomy 30, a covenant passage, is quoted in the context of Romans 10.  This agreement is akin to that agreement made between the mount of blessing and the mount of cursing.  It is not a work that saves, but there is an agreement that involves the whole person, his intellect, emotion, and will, in belief in Jesus Christ.

These non-Lordship say that turning to the Lord is a work, making salvation not by grace.  Repentance is not a work.  God grants repentance unto life (Acts 11:18).  That is “unto life,” not “after life.”  Sinners don’t get eternal life and then repent.  They repent unto eternal life.  That repentance is granted unto them — it is not a work (the usual fare here in comments is to ignore this).

The true plan, Lordship salvation, is not complicated, except explained by those who oppose it.  When I talk to unbelievers, they can understand it in 30-60 minutes from start to finish if they are apt to listen.  They also know that Lordship is the truth.  Many times, these are people who in the past have had the kind of experience that non-Lordship advocates are urging people to have.

To maintain their position, anti-Lordship advocates must make a passage such as Luke 9:23-25 into a “discipleship” passage and not a salvation passage.  According to them, Jesus is instructing already saved people how to be better Christians, rather than teaching what salvation is.  That idea just doesn’t work — here’s the text:

23 And he said to them all, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me. 24 For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: but whosoever will lose his life for my sake, the same shall save it. 25 For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away?

This is so obviously salvation that anti-Lordships force into some “decision” subsequent to salvation.  To “come after” Jesus, a man must deny himself.  This is an aorist imperative, which calls for a specific, definite choice — do this now, at once, once for all and in one quick action (in contrast to present imperative which commands a habitual action).  It is akin to the “poor in spirit” in Matthew 5:3 and Paul counting all things as loss and as dung in Philippians 3:8-9.  Jesus elaborates in v. 24.  To save your life (psuche, soul), you must lose it.  It’s obvious from v. 25 that Jesus is talking about salvation.  It wouldn’t be worth it if you gained the whole world, but lost yourself, your soul that v. 24 talks about.  Being cast away is akin to going to Hell forever.

The anti-Lordship teachers turn this Luke 9 text into a discipleship passage to preserve the idea that no one gives up anything to be saved, since it doesn’t cost anything to be saved.  [Hint:  You’re giving up nothing to be saved, because your life is altogether vanity until you’re saved.  Are Lordship advocates saying there is something more to you than either nothing or loss before your salvation?]  To them, a potential convert doesn’t need to lose his life, deny himself, or any of that to be saved.  He only denies himself and loses his life to be dedicated, to reach a higher plane of spiritual existence after his salvation.  How does he get “dedicated”?  This is where revivalist second-blessing teaching comes in.  He’s got to sacrifice, really mean it, suffer for it, fast for it, or let go and let God.

The anti-Lordship proponents must turn the pearl of great price (Matthew 13:45-46) into dedication, greater dedication, or discipleship.  Since the man is trading something in, all that he had, for the pearl, the pearl can’t be salvation.  Trading everything in would mean that salvation isn’t free, that it costs us something.  When Paul traded everything in, according to Philippians 3, he said it was dung and loss that he traded for gain.  He traded in his false religion for knowing Jesus and the power of His resurrection.

In the parables of Jesus in Matthew 13, a man trades in everything to buy a field, which is the kingdom.  He trades everything for the kingdom.  Then a man trades in everything for a pearl of great price, which again is the kingdom.  This is the same teaching as “no man can serve two Masters.”  You have to choose your Master.  When you know the value of the kingdom, you would trade whatever is necessary to get it.  In Luke 9, that is to trade your self, your soul.

I’ve talked to several Hindus in my evangelism.  I’ve found that they almost always are willing to accept Jesus.  They will gladly add Jesus to the shelf with all their other idols.  According to the anti-Lordship men, does the Hindu have to give up His idols to turn to Jesus Christ alone?  No, because that would be works.  For it to be a free gift, the Hindu just accepts Jesus as Savior.  These Keswick men have wreaked havoc all over India with that plan, proclaiming all their salvation decisions.  At some point in the future, the Hindu man will perhaps become dedicated and then Jesus will be Lord.  At that time, Jesus might be alone in the man’s worship.

In Lordship salvation, belief includes repentance.  Repentance includes self-denial.  Repentance means turning from idols to serve the living and true God.  Belief is more than just intellectual and emotional, but also volitional.  In Lordship salvation, someone believes in Jesus Christ, and sacrosanct to a belief in Jesus Christ is that Jesus is God, Lord, and Savior.  All sin is against Lordship.  If someone turns from sin, that means he wants to do what the Lord says.  That means that He wants the righteousness, which is in Christ alone.

The problem is sin. Sin sends to Hell.  Sin is against Lordship.  The Lord says something and man doesn’t do it or He says not to do something and man does do it.  As far as I can gather, the anti-Lordship say that a man accepts Jesus as Savior and no thoughts about sin need to be a part of that.  God is saving him from hell, where he’s going because he isn’t saved.  Why does he need to be saved?  Because he isn’t.   He doesn’t even have to know that sin is what is sending Him to Hell.  He just has to want to be saved and believe that Jesus is Savior.  If he thinks that sin is sending him to Hell, he might think about wanting not to sin later and frontload works and ruin the plan of salvation.  That mixes works with grace for all that I can gather.  I’m just going to say it:  it’s crazy.

Some at times have asked me, “If I didn’t receive Jesus as Lord when I got saved, am I saved?”  I don’t like just to answer, “Yes.”  I think someone could be saved because he wasn’t denying Jesus as Lord when he believed on or received Jesus Christ.  He believed in Jesus Christ.  He didn’t believe in Him as Lord, but the person knew He was Lord and he wasn’t denying that.  He didn’t want to be in rebellion any more against Jesus.

I’m sure I’ll still have to answer many other comments about what I’ve presented above.  What I wrote is just the tip of the iceberg.  To do Lordship salvation justice, I would like to go page by page through the New Testament to show how it teaches it all over.  There are proof texts for Lordship salvation, but the best proof is that this is the salvation of the entire New Testament.

How Long Were the Original Manuscripts Around? Considerations on the NT Autographa and Early NT Apographa from Scripture and Patristic Writers, part 2

III.
New Testament Witness to the Transmission of the Autographa
In accord with Christ’s prayer
(John 17:8), the saints and the churches immediately received the books of the
New Testament as they were given by inspiration.  The seven churches recognized the Revelation
of John as Scripture immediately upon receipt of the book (Revelation 1:11),
the Thessalonians immediately received the Word of God, for they were believers
(1 Thessalonians 2:13), and, led by the Spirit, churches in general received
the scripture, which they knew was being penned in their day (Romans 16:25-26;
1 Corinthians 14:37;  Ephesians
3:4-5;  1 Thessalonians 2:13;  1 Peter 1:12, 25; 2 Peter 3:2; Luke 1:3) as
the ascended Christ gave it (John 16:13). 
When Paul wrote 1 Timothy in the early 60s, he recognized Luke’s gospel,
which had been composed only a few years earlier, as “scripture” equal in
authority to the books of Moses (1 Timothy 5:18; Luke 10:7; Deuteronomy
25:4).  Paul’s declaration concerning the
inspiration of “all Scripture” in 2 Timothy 3:16 consequently refers to both
the Old Testament (OT) canon and the NT, which, by the time of the inspiration
of 2 Timothy, God had, other than the Johannine writings, almost entirely
revealed to man.  Peter (2 Peter 3:2)
refers to the OT books (v. 2a) and the NT books (v. 2b), and calls the
collection of “all epistles” by the apostle Paul[i]
scripture, equal to “the other scriptures,” (2 Peter 3:15-16), the OT (1 Peter
2:6);  all of this OT and NT scripture is
affirmed to be as sure as the audible voice of God speaking from heaven (2
Peter 1:16-21).[ii]  John closes the NT canon with the solemn
warning of Revelation 22:18-19 (cf. Proverbs 30:5-6), evidencing his
recognition, one with which his audience would have concurred, of the
inspiration of his work (cf. John 21:24) and the completion of the New
Testament.  The saints recognized the NT
as an inspired treasure immediately upon its composition.[iii]
            The assembly
of the NT into a cohesive unit also began very early;[iv]  as 2 Peter 3:15-16 indicates, the process was
far advanced before Peter’s death c. A. D. 68, and so even before the
revelation of the final NT books.  The NT
writings were copied and distributed from church to church (Revelation 1:3).  Paul wrote Galatians to “the churches of
Galatia” (Galatians 1:2), which would involve the copying of his epistle.  Colossians 4:16 provides a striking example
of this practice.  Paul commanded that
his newly inspired epistle to the church at Colossae be read in that church (v.
16a),[v]
then copied and read in the church of the Laodiceans (v. 16b).  At the same time, the Colossian congregation
was to “read the epistle from Laodicea” (v. 16c).  That church, which had not received an
inspired autograph,[vi] had
copied another assembly’s canonical epistle, which was being read in their
church;  the Colossians were to take this
epistle, copy it, and read it in their own assembly.  At least three generations of transmission
are documented here:  the original church
which received the inspired letter, the copy made for the Laodiceans, and the
copy of that copy now brought to the Colossian church;  if the Laodiceans had not transcribed their
epistle directly from an autograph, even further epistolary generations are
required.  Furthermore, the apostolic
precept for such multiplication of canonical copies of epistles in Colossians
4:16 would certainly have spurred other assemblies to follow a similar
practice—nor did Paul begin to encourage such copying only upon penning
Colossians 4:16 (note 1 Thessalonians 5:27—not that church alone, but “all the
holy brethren,” are to get this epistle; cf. John’s blessing on those who read
and hear his book, Revelation 1:3, which required the distribution and
multiplication of copies); he would have already exhorted the churches to such
an end.  1 Timothy 6:3 indicates the
early circulation of the gospel records—canonical and authoritative (cf. 5:18)
“words of our Lord Jesus Christ,” were available, and opposition to them
brought one under church discipline (6:5).[vii]  Paul’s “yet not I, but the Lord” (1 Corinthians
7:10) suggests that both the apostle and the Corinthians had at least one
gospel in their possession.  When
churches exchanged members, traveling evangelists passed through, Paul or
others visited assemblies on missionary journeys, and on vast numbers of other
occasions, the distribution of NT Scripture would certainly have been in
progress.  Even apart from the
excercitation of Colossians 4:16, the church’s recognition of the new
inestimable treasure given her from God by inspiration, and its vast importance
in the Christian life (cf. Romans 10:17; Matthew 4:4) would of itself have been
a powerful motivation to multiply apographs.
Great care was taken to preserve the
inspired documents, as the church recognized her role as the guardian of Divine
truth (Matthew 28:18-20; 1 Timothy 3:15; 4:6; 6:20; 2 Timothy 1:14; 2:2).  Accuracy in copying was considered extremely
important (Revelation 22:18-19).  As a
result, accurate replicas of the inspired documents were distributed as rapidly
as Christianity itself.[viii]  New Testament evidence buttresses the
believer’s confidence in God’s promises to preserve the autographa for all generations; 
the widespread distribution of accurate apographs of the recognized,
canonical NT books validates the promised impossibility of their successful
universal corruption.

Note: this entire study is available as an essay here.

[i]           Lewis Foster (“The Earliest Collection of Paul’s Epistles,”
Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society (JETS),
10:1 (Winter 1967) p. 44-54) argues very plausibly that
Luke first collected Paul’s epistles into a canonical whole.  He also mentions that “in antiquity to retain
copies of letters dispatched to far places was customary. Because of the
uncertainty of the postal system and because of the desirability to have a
dependable record of what was originally written in case question should later
be raised about the correspondence—both of these reasons fully justified the
common practice of making copies of correspondence.” (Foster, “Earliest
Collection,” pg. 50). Since the church at Philippi sought to collect the
epistles of Ignatius during Polycarp’s lifetime (pg. 280, The Apostolic Fathers, Kirsopp Lake, vol. 1.  Loeb Classical Library ed. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1952), certainly churches were collecting the
inspired corpus as well.


[ii]           Consider further that the epistle Paul wrote to the
audience of 2 Peter (which was the same as the audience of 1 Peter, 2 Peter
3:1), the Jewish diaspora (1 Peter 1:1), must be the epistle to the Hebrews,
since no other Pauline letter is addressed to them.  Paul is therefore the author of Hebrews, and
this epistle was recognized, along with the other 13 in his corpus, as
canonical immediately.


[iii]          Wilbur Pickering, in his Identity of the New Testament Text, chapter 5 (electronically
accessed), has a good discussion of early recognition of the inspiration and
canonicity of the NT in his section, “Were the N. T. Writings Recognized?”


[iv]          Physical evidence for such early compilation
exists.  The “identification of papyrus
fragment 5 from Qumran cave 7 with Mark 6:52-53 . . . [makes] the probability
that 7Q4 is to be identified with 1 Tim. 3:16, 4:1,3 and 7Q8 with James 1:23-24
. . . very strong. . . . That someone should have such a collection of New
Testament writings at such an early date may suggest their early recognition as
Scripture and even imply an early notion of a New Testament canon” (Appendix B,
The Identity of the New Testament Text,
Pickering).  A theologically liberal
critique of the identification of these papyri with the NT is found in “That’s
no Gospel, It’s Enoch! Identification of Dead Sea Scrolls Challenged,” Peter W.
Flint (Bible Review, Peter W. Flint,
April 2003, pgs. 37ff.).


[v]           This public reading of the epistles placed them on
an equal level to the Old Testament, which was also read in the assemblies of
the saints (Deuteronomy 31:11;  Acts
13:15;  1 Timothy 4:13).  Furthermore, we must conclude that individual
believers were not satisfied with public reading of the Scriptures in the
weekly assembly, but aspired to own their own personal copies, that, as the
noble Bereans, they might all search the Scriptures daily (Acts 17:11).


[vi]          It has been supposed by some, based on the subscription to 1
Timothy, “the first to Timothy was written from Laodicea, which is the chiefest
city of Phrygia Pacatiana,” that this epistle from Laodicea was 1 Timothy.  While, if this is the case, two generations,
instead of three or more, are specified in Colossians 4:16, it would still demonstrate
the proliferation of NT copies—and would show that an inspired epistle
specifically directed to the man Timothy was immediately received by God’s
people as something with universal and binding validity.
            A pseudepigraphical “epistle of Paul to the Laodiceans”
is extant, but it is universally recognized as a forgery.  The text is reproduced in the introduction to
Colossians in Notes on the New Testament
by Albert Barnes (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1998 (reprint of 1884-5 ed.)).

[vii]         The CT attacks church discipline by removing “from
such withdraw thyself,”
aÓfi÷staso aÓpo tw◊n toiou/twn, from
1 Timothy 6:5.


[viii]
        An interesting archeological confirmation of this
rapid spread is the Rylands Fragment of John P52,  which is dated to the first third of the
second century.  The existence of a codex
of John in an obscure Egyptian village c. A. D. 125 illustrates the speed with
which the NT books were distributed. 
(see JETS, 10:1 (Winter 1967),
pg. 42).  “Pantaenus [went] to convert
the Hindoos, and, whatever his success or failure there, he brought back
reports that Christians were there before him, the offspring of St.
Bartholomew’s preaching; and, in proof thereof, he brought with him a copy of
St. Matthew’s Gospel in the Hebrew tongue, which became one of the treasures of
the church on the Nile” (Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, Elucidations II: “Pantaenus and his school,”
AN:II:12480).  This testifies to the
presence of Scripture in India in the first century through the witness of the
apostle Bartholomew (Matthew 10:3). Further information about the collection of
the NT canon is found in “Factors Promoting the Formation of the New Testament
Canon,” Wilber T. Dayton, and “The Canon of the Gospels,” Merrill C. Tenney, JETS 10:1 (Winter 1967) pgs. 28-35,
36-44 respectively. All citations of Ante-Nicene patristic writings, unless
otherwise specified, come from Church
Fathers—The Ante-Nicene Fathers
(AN), ed. Alexander Roberts & James Donaldson, American reprint of the Edinburgh ed.;
electronic text from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (
http://www.ccel.org), as hypertexted, corrected, and
prepared by Oak Tree Software, Inc. for Accordance
Bible Software (
http://www.accordancebible.com),  version 1.1. 
Citations of Nicene or Post-Nicene
writers come from either Church Fathers—The Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers, First Series
(NPN-1) or Church Fathers—The Nicene and
Post Nicene Fathers, Second Series
(NPN-2), ed. Philip Schaff, T & T
Edinburgh.  These texts have also been
accessed electronically from an Accordance
software module based on the Christian Classics Ethereal Library text (also
version 1.1).  Citations will state the
module (AN/NPN-1/NPN-2), the chapter division, and the paragraph # from
Accordance for that module.  In the
passage above concerning Pantaenus, AN:II:12480 means the Ante-Nicene Accordance module, chapter 2 in the
“Elucidations” section connected with Clement’s Stromata, paragraph #12480 in the Ante-Nicene module.  In footnote #18, AN:XXXVI:20373 means the
Ante-Nicene Accordance module is
cited, chapter 36 in The Prescription
Against Heretics,
paragraph #20373 in the Ante-Nicene module.

The Kaufman, Kafkaesque Performance “Art”/Hoax That Is Most of Professing Christianity Today

Last week a hoax resulted in some believing that the “late” Andy Kaufman was still alive.  Some had already felt he had faked his death in 1984.  I knew little of Kaufman.  I remembered seeing him once on television when I was a teenager — I never saw one episode of Taxi, a show on which he was a regular. Because of the reported hoax, I read a little about him and watched some of his material on youtube to explore the big deal.  It seemed that people found it difficult to understand who Andy Kaufman really was or whether he was really serious about his routines.  His performance was very different.  For that reason, he was difficult to categorize — not a comedian or an actor, so a performance artist, just like what people might name certain kinds of avante garde art.

All drama and comedy is an act.  People are playing.  It isn’t real.  Kaufman took this to a new level, because his act was acting.  On Taxi, many of the actors said he never came to rehearsals. They practiced with a replacement actor who played his part just for rehearsals.  If Kaufman had rehearsed, it would have revealed him as an actor, when he was simply playing one.  The person showing up to act was acting.  His act was convincing people it wasn’t an act.  This was the same guy he was when he went home.  This is one reason why people believe he faked his death.  His life was such a hoax that they believed that his death must be one too.  When people watched him, they often didn’t know if the joke was on him or if the joke was on them.  They wanted to “get it,” wondering if there was really anything to get.  So many people “got him,” when there really was nothing to “get,” so that everyone then had to “get him.”  What there was to “get” was that there was nothing to “get.”  When people didn’t get him, he acted like he didn’t get their not getting him.  It is obvious that the joke was on everyone who watched Kaufman.  People watched him, it seems, to see if they could see who he really was or if this really was him.  He was known to read from a book, like Gone with the Wind, and then just keep reading and reading out loud, but people wouldn’t leave because they thought he must be doing something they were supposed to get, so they would stay.  What was funny was the act, that he was getting away with it, and they were part of it.  What did he do?  “He read Gone with the Wind.”  That’s all?  “Yes.”  You had to be there.
Since acting is only an act that actors take seriously, why not make acting an act?  Now even the actors don’t know if it’s an act or not.
Kaufman was a perfect “artist” to represent the modern world.  He deceived people with an act, all the while living out the act himself.  The people of this world walk through life believing a lie, and they practice with their entertainment, which is a lie.  Video games.  Movies.  Music.  People look at a piece of modern art and act like they get it.  They lie to themselves that there is something there. Homosexual marriage is an act.  People know it isn’t marriage.  They know it.  It’s part of the act.  Turning a world into a genderless society is an act.  Unisex bathrooms is an act.  It’s ignoring the obvious, and the joke is on us.  Men move inexorably toward an end that they lie to themselves that they won’t face.  And those around them treat them as if it isn’t an act, but some serious pursuit.  They can’t take anything with them, but who cares?  We’ll still treat them like they’re rich.  Jesus said they were swimming in a dragnet and James said they were hogs being fattened for a day of slaughter.  They politely go on with the charade, acting like nothing is wrong.
I say Kafkaesque because of the Kafka figure of the man with the pole, fishing in the empty bathtub.  No one is fishing, and yet someone is fishing.  But not really.  Kafka was illustrating absurdity, the absurdity of someone acting all objective about his fishing.  This world was rightly absurd to him, as Solomon illustrated in Ecclesiastes.
The Kaufman hoax got me thinking about professing Christianity today, and I’m going to write two posts about it, targeting three aspects.  I’m going to write about Christianity, because it’s become like the world with its own act.
The Bible is convincing.  Christianity is convincing.  It can be real.  It does not need to be a performance art, because scripture is sufficient.  People who do not believe have turned Christianity into an act, a Kaufman like performance art that replaces faith with an act.  They’re in an empty tub with a fishing pole.  The world has its own act.  Christianity has borrowed a Christian version.
The Charismatic-Continuationist-Revivalist Performance “Art”/Hoax
Perhaps you’ve read the Bible, so you know what’s in there about signs and wonders, apostolic miracles, the kind done by Moses, Elijah, Elisha, the Apostles, and Jesus.  The Bible though isn’t good enough.  It just seems like it would be better if there was more, something that would match up with the previously mentioned people, but it doesn’t.  All we get is the Bible, doing what it says, people being converted, their lives changing, when they repent and believe.  We sing psalms and hymns, pray, obey the Bible. Hmmm.
So let’s have apostolic signs — tongues, miracles, and healings.  OK, so not exactly what’s in the Bible.  No problem.  Let’s have the act instead.
OK, we preach, teach the Bible, but what about God speaking through me?  Or maybe He speaks through an invitation hymn, because He might do that?  He tells me things.  And you can tell, because something’s happening when I preach, a little wild, a little extraordinary, and it’s emotional.  People feel it.   They laugh.  They cry.  They’re moved.  It’s alive and not dead.  God is working.  You can tell.  We’ve got people coming.  We’ve got people being baptized.  The power of God is working.  We hand out small toys and candy to get them to come, we scare them, we call them to come to the front, we tell them to ask Jesus to save them, we tell them they’ve been saved, give them assurance, tell them they can be be baptized after we get permission from the parents, of course.  We tell them they’re going to heaven.  We keep bringing them.  We keep giving them things.  It’s working.  God is working.  God is speaking.  He really works through the songs at the end.  Those convict.  The Spirit works.  You can hear it in the voice of the preacher.
Most of this is performance art.  It’s a hoax.  We want there to be a work of God, so we make it happen. That’s revivalism.  So what happened in Acts is happening to us.  It isn’t but we can make it happen, and then it happens.  And then when it happens, we can say that God is doing it.  You’ve got to have the power of God.  You pray for it, or say you’ve prayed for it, then do the kind of things that will lure unbelievers.
The Bible isn’t going to be good enough.  The message of salvation isn’t.  You could tell them, but they aren’t going to like it unless you add some things to it that you can provide at the building.  You could explain it the best you could, but that’s not going to be good enough unless you do something with your voice, and tell stories.  Remind them that God is speaking to you.  This is an act.  It’s not happening.  It’s a hoax.  It is performance art.  People want to “get” it.  People are given a basis for “getting it,” so they think they do.  The performance has been a success.

People validated Kaufman by coming to see him.  He was paid for his act.  People talked about him.  They still do, even after his death.  His performance was such that people still think he might be alive.  These Charismatic-continuationist-revivalist churches validate each other.  They don’t question.  Other Christians are polite to them.  Don’t want to hurt their feelings.  It’s not in good taste to question someone’s religion or faith.  It’s not ecumenical.  It’s not catholic.  It’s too dogmatic.  It’s considered unloving.  And so it spreads.  It is validated by all the people who won’t question it.  These aren’t miracles like the Bible.  These are impostor.  They are an act.  God isn’t speaking through these people.  He didn’t tell them to do the things they say God is telling them.  God’s power isn’t being manifested by their ginned up revival atmosphere and emotional pleas and solicitations.

People knew Kaufman was absurd.  Knew it.  That’s what made it funny.  But his was merely entertainment.  If you were fooled by it, you were still entertained.  It didn’t matter.  At worst, it was a waste of time, a postponement of a serious decision or a worthwhile endeavor.

With this professing Christian stuff, it is deceiving people in the most serious, most important aspects of life.  It is making a charade, a game, an act of what is eternal and of God.  We can’t laugh at it, even though it’s more absurd than Kaufman.  Kaufman acts like he doesn’t get that he’s not funny.  Unless he was insane, which maybe he was, Kaufman knew.  Some of the leaders of the act I have described in professing Christianity have convinced themselves that they are something real and legitimate.  It’s the deceitfulness of sin, as absurd or more so than anything in the world.

John Wesley — heretic or hero?

Historic
Baptists and fundamentalists who obtain their history mainly from sanitized and
hagiographical Protestant sources often have a very inaccurate view of the
theology of John Wesley. The following post should serve as a corrective, and
will bring up some of the facts often left out of the sanitized and
hagiographical accounts.
1.) Wesley was an Arminian – he believed
saints could lose their salvation.
For
example, he said:  “”I believe a
saint may fall away; that one who is holy or righteous in the judgment of God
himself may nevertheless so fall from God as to perish everlastingly.” (pg. 81,Works, vol. 6).
This
heresy of his is so well known that I will not provide further documentation of
it.
2.) Wesley believed in the continuation of
the sign gifts, preparing the way for Pentecostalism.
The
Wesley brothers abandoned the dominant Protestant cessationism to adopt a
continuationist doctrine, a view in which they were followed by the Methodist
movement, and which explains much of the fanaticism that came to characterize  much of Methodism. Wesley said:  “[I]f
the Quakers [who were strong continuationists] hold the same perceptible
inspiration with me, I am glad” (“Letter to ‘John Smith,’ March 25,
1747;  elec. acc. Wesley Center Online:  Wesley’s Letters,
1747,
http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1747/.
Compare pg. 43, Theological Roots of Pentecostalism, Dayton).  Thus, nineteenth-century Methodists, writing
to defend continuationism, noted:  “[W]e dare to maintain that many
of the phenomena of the Pentecostal times have been continued, are common, and
ought to be expected in every age. . . . [Cessationist] censors are exceedingly
severe, [unjustly so, upon] the habitual reference made by the . . . teachers
to the direct influence of the Holy Spirit . . . [as] a revealer as well as an
interpreter of truth . . . speak[ing] to us not only by the written Word, but
also by visions, or feelings, or aspirations, or impressions, independent of
the Word;  and extending even to what is sometimes claimed as a
physical consciousness . . . [as by continuationist antecedent] Dr. Upham” (pg.
106, “The Brighton Convention Its Opponents.” London Quarterly Review,
October 1875).  Indeed, “much in Pentecostal teaching is a legacy
from Anglicanism . . . through the mediation of Wesley” (pg. 185, The
Pentecostals
, Hollenweger).
3.) Wesley loved medieval Roman Catholic
mysticism, and developed his doctrine of perfectionism in connection with it.
Roman
Catholic mysticism was key to the development of the perfectionism and
continuationism of John Wesley.  “John Wesley . . . says that he
began his teaching on Perfection in 1725 . . . [although he] was not converted
[on his own testimony] until 1738 . . . [h]ow did he come to teach
it?  His father and mother . . . had both been interested in . . .
Roman Catholic mystical teaching . . . and had read a great deal of it. . . .
John Wesley had read [in addition to other Romanist mystics such as] . . .
Tauler . . . Thomas à Kempis . . .[and the] ‘Protestant mystic . . . [who]
wrote a book on Perfection . . . William Law,’ but he was influenced “in
particular [by]. . . Madame Guyon . . . [and] the Roman Catholic Archbishop
Fénelon,” although the Romanist mystic “Marquis or Baron de Renty” was probably
Wesley’s single “favorite author,” eclipsing even Guyon and Fénelon (pgs.
307-308, The Puritans: Their Origins and Successors,
Lloyd-Jones).  Thus, Wesley could speak of “that excellent man, the
Marquis de Renty” although he knew the Catholic was infected with “many touches
of superstition, and some of idolatry, in worshipping saints, the Virgin Mary
in particular” (cf. Sermon 72, series 2, Sermon 133, series 4, Sermons,
on Several Occasions
and to which reference is made in the trust-deeds
of the Methodist Chapels, as constituting, with Mr. Wesley’s notes on the New
Testament, the standard doctrines of the Methodist connexion
, John
Wesley.  Orig. pub. 4 vol, 1771. Elec. acc. Logos Bible
Software
).  Wesley was also profoundly influenced by the ascetic,
Romanist, and Eastern Orthodox “monastic piety of the fourth-century ‘desert
fathers’” during his time in the “Holy Club” at Oxford
University.  “[T]he consideration of Macarius the Egyptian and
Ephraem Syrus and their descriptions of “ perfection” (teleiosis) as the
goal (skopos) of the Christian in this life” were influential in
“shaping . . . Wesley’s . . . doctrine of Christian perfection . . . John
Wesley . . . was . . . in touch with Gregory of Nyssa, the greatest of all the
Eastern [Catholic] teachers of the quest for perfection. Thus, in his early
days, [Wesley] drank deep of this Byzantine tradition of spirituality at its
source and assimilated its concept of devotion as the way and perfection as the
goal of the Christian life. . . . The devotional works . . . of two Latin
[Roman Catholic] traditions of mystical spirituality . . . [and] the traditions
of Eastern Orthodoxy-Clement of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa, Macarius of
Egypt, and others . . . introduced [important] factors of . . . [Wesley’s]
understanding of perfection. . . . Wesley . . . was inclined to go beyond
logical subsequence [in justification and sanctification] to experiential
subsequence because of the deep influence of the Eastern Fathers on him in
terms of the relation of perfection to process and goal.”  (pgs.
93-97, “‘Dialogue’ Within a Tradition:  John Welsey and Gregory of
Nyssa Discuss Christian Perfection,” John G. Merritt.  Wesleyan
Theological Journal
 22:2 (Fall, 1987) 92-117).  Thus, Wesley
received his idea of Christians entering into perfection or a second-blessing
from Catholic mysticism, and transferred his two-stage notions into
the Higher Life movement and into Pentecostalism.  “John Wesley . . .
under the influence of Catholic works of edification, distinguished between the
ordinary believer and those who were ‘sanctified’ or ‘baptized with the
Spirit.’ . . . This view was adopted . . . by the evangelists and theologians
of the American Holiness movement . . . such as Asa Mahan and C. G. Finney . .
. [and] the early Pentecostal movement” (pgs. 21, 322, The Pentecostals,
Hollenweger).  Along with perfectionism, Wesley (as already mentioned
above) also adopted the ancient and medieval Catholic continuationism (cf. pgs.
44-45, Theological Roots of Pentecostalism, Dayton) that provided
such key support in the apologetic for image worship in the iconoclastic
controversy and at other times, as well as Catholic worship of the saints
themselves, transubstantiation, and other idolatries, since the marvels which
were so often performed by the graven images of and relics culled from the
saints, transubstantiated bread, and so on, validated such Catholic beliefs in
a way that Scripture certainly could not (cf. pgs. 135ff., Counterfeit
Miracles
, Warfield).

It is noteworthy that John Wesley, while preaching Methodist
perfectionism, “never claimed the experience for himself.  He was a
very honest man.  He taught this perfectionism but he would never say
that it was true of himself.”  Indeed, for “many years he had great
difficulty of producing any examples of it,” although at one point “he felt he
could produce 30 such people;  but only one of the 30 seemed to
persist—the others fell away” (pg. 311, 
The Puritans:  Their
Origins and Successors
, D. M. Lloyd-Jones).  
4.) Wesley held erroneous views on the
assurance of salvation.
 “Wesley and Fletcher” held to a doctrinal
error of an improper “immediate enjoyment of personal assurance” (pg.
180, The Doctrine of Justification, James
Buchanan).  Early in his ministry, “John Wesley summed up his
thoughts on this subject in a letter written in January, 1740:  ‘I
never yet knew one soul thus saved without what you call the faith of
assurance; I mean a sure confidence that by the merits of Christ he was
reconciled to the favour of God’ [pg. 200, Wesley’s Standard Sermons].  Thus
the cognition that saving grace had worked in a life was seen
as the final means to ascertain if saving grace had indeed been present. The
implications of this teaching, taken by itself, seem to lead to a condition in
which superficial self-analysis (‘yes, I’ve got the witness’) results in
spirituality while the kind of doubt which assailed such people as Luther and
even at times John Wesley himself results in a loss of the hope of salvation”
(pg. 171, “John Wesley and the Doctrine of Assurance,” Mark A.
Noll.  Bibliotheca Sacra 132:526 (April
1975).  However, by 1755 Wesley had moderated his position slightly,
so that one could be shaken in his assurance without losing his salvation,
although a total lack of assurance was still only compatible with a lost
estate:  “I know that I am accepted: And yet that knowledge is
sometimes shaken, though not destroyed, by doubt or fear. If that knowledge
were destroyed, or wholly withdrawn, I could not then say I had Christian
faith. To me it appears the same thing, to say, ‘I know God has accepted me’;
or, ‘I have a sure trust that God has accepted me.’ . . . [Nonetheless,]
justifying faith cannot be a conviction that I am justified. . . . But still I
believe the proper Christian faith, which purifies the heart, implies such a
conviction” (pgs. 452-453, Letter DXXXII, July 25, 1755, in The Works
of the Rev. John
 Wesley, vol 12, 3rd. ed, with the
last corrections of the author.  London:  John Mason,
1830).  Furthermore, Wesley affirmed that objective marks cannot be
elaborated to distinguish between the witness of the Spirit to one’s
regenerated state and self-delusion;  “this kind of defense based on
intuition . . . raised the specter of enthusiasm for some of Wesley’s critics”
(pg. 174, ibid.).  In this doctrine of assurance Wesley’s
view was similar to that of Jacob Arminius:  “Arminius thought that
no one would be a true Christian who did not have a present assurance of
present salvation. He wrote:  ‘Since God promises eternal life to all
who believe in Christ, it is impossible for him who believes, and who knows
that he believes, to doubt of his own salvation, unless he doubts of this
willingness of God.’” (pgs. 164-165, “John Wesley and the Doctrine of Assurance,”
Noll, citing pg. 348, Arminius: A Study in the Dutch Reformation,
Carl Bangs.  Nashville:  Abingdon Press,
1971.  Compare The Doctrine of Assurance, with Special
Reference to John Wesley
, Arthur S.
Yates.  London:  Epworth, 1952).
Wesleyan
confusion about conversion and assurance appeared in various preachers
influenced by his theology;  thus, for example, Welsh holiness
evangelist Seth Joshua wrote:  “[People] are entering into full assurance
of faith coupled with a baptism of the Holy Ghost. . . . I also think that
those seeking assurance may be fairly counted as converts” (pg. 122, The
Welsh Religious Revival
, Morgan, citing Mr. Joshua’s diary.  Of
course, some people who think that they are in need of assurance truly are
unconverted, but such clarity appears to be lacking in Mr. Joshua’s
comments.  Spirit baptism has nothing to do with obtaining assurance
in the Bible.).  Methodist confusion on assurance passed over into
the Pentecostal movement, which taught that assurance was of the essence of
saving faith:  “If God for Christ’s sake has forgiven you your sins,
you know it.  And if you do not know it better than you know anything
in this world, you are still in your sins.  When you go down in the
atonement, in the sacrifice of our Lord Jesus Christ, you are
accepted.  And if you are accepted, and He has given you a clean
heart and sanctified your soul, you know it.  And if you do not know
it, the work is not done” (pg. 2, The Apostolic Faith I:2 (Los
Angeles, October 1906), reprinted on pg. 6, Like As of
Fire:  Newspapers from the Azusa Street World Wide
Revival:  A Reprint of “The Apostolic Faith” (1906-1908)
, coll.
Fred T. Corum & Rachel A. Sizelove).
Scripture
teaches that all believers can have assurance of salvation, but that assurance
that one has personally passed from death to life is not of the essence of
saving faith (cf. 1 John & London Baptist Confession of Faith of
1689,
 18:1-4).
5.) Wesley rejected the imputation of
Christ’s righteousness in justification.
John
Wesley also rejected the doctrine of the imputation of Christ’s righteousness
in justification, writing:  “Does ‘the righteousness of God’ ever
mean . . . ‘the merits of Christ?’ . . . I believe not once in all the
Scripture.  . . . It often means, and particularly in the Epistle to
the Romans, ‘God’s method of justifying sinners.’ . . . ‘The righteousness of
God’ signifies, the righteousness which the God-man wrought
out[?]  No. . . .  It signifies ‘God’s method of justifying
sinners.’” (pg. 217, Aspasio Vindicated, and the Scripture Doctrine of
Imputed Righteousness Defended, in Eleven Letters from Mr. Hervey to Mr.
Wesley, in Answer to that Gentleman’s Remarks on Theron and Aspasio
, W.
Hervey.  Glasgo:  J. & M. Robertson,
1762;  & pg. 137, Eleven Letters from the Late Rev. Mr.
Hervey , to the Rev. Mr. John Wesley, Containing an Answer to that Gentleman’s
Remarks on Thereon and Aspasio
, W. Hervey.  2nd ed.  London:  J.
& F. & C. Rivinot, 1789. cf. pg. 497, The Doctrine of
Justification
, James Buchanan.  Carlisle, PA:  Banner
of Truth, 1997 (orig. pub. 1867)).  “Many Wesleyan Methodists,
following the example of their founder, have . . . keenly opposed . . . the
doctrine . . . of [Christ’s] imputed righteousness” (pg. 500, The
Doctrine of Justification
, Buchanan).  Thus, “Wesley could not
resist assimilating justification into sanctification—the latter being his
preeminent and enduring interest. The . . . notion that the believer is simul
justus et peccator
 (at once both righteous and a sinner) Wesley firmly
rejected. Many Arminians [including Wesley] further assert that faith is not
merely the instrument of justification but the ground on
which justification rests. Thus Wesley wrote that ‘any righteousness created by
the act of justification is real because of the ethical or moral dimension of
faith’” (pg. 353, The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation,
Bruce Demarest).  Thus, Wesley wrote:  “Least of all does
justification imply that God is deceived in those whom he justifies; that he
thinks them to be what, in fact, they are not; that he accounts them to be
otherwise than they are. It does by no means imply that God . . . esteems us
better than we really are, or believes us righteous when we are unrighteous.
Surely no. . . . Neither can it ever consist with his unerring wisdom to think
that I am innocent, to judge that I am righteous or holy, because another is
so. He can no more, in this manner, confound me with Christ, than with David or
Abraham. . . . [S]uch a notion of justification is neither reconcilable to
reason nor Scripture” (pg. 47, The Works of the Reverend John Wesley,
vol. 1.  New York:  Emory & Waugh, 1831—note that
“reason” is mentioned before “Scripture” as a reason to oppose the Biblical
doctrine of justification.)
6.) Wesley believed in the damnable heresy
of baptismal regeneration.
The
Wesley brothers and the Methodist denomination retained the Anglican belief in
baptismal regeneration when they left the English state-church to start their
own religion.  Commenting on John 3:5,
Wesley affirmed, “Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit—Except he
experience that great inward change by the Spirit, and be baptized (wherever
baptism can be had) as the outward sign and means of it [he cannot enter into
the kingdom of God].”  Commenting on Acts 22:16, he wrote:  “Baptism administered to real penitents, is
both a means and seal of pardon.  Nor did God ordinarily in the
primitive Church bestow this on any, unless through this means.”  On
both texts John Wesley clearly affirmed that baptism is the means of the new
birth.  He also declared, “It is certain our Church supposes that all
who are baptized in their infancy are at the same time born
again;  and it is allowed that the whole office for the baptism of
infants proceeds upon this supposition” (Wesley, sermon, The New Birth).  In
his Doctrinal Tracts (pg. 246, 251) he wrote, “What are the
benefits . . . we receive by baptism, is the next point to be considered. And
the first of these is the washing away of original sin, by the application of Christ’s
death. . . . the merits of Christ’s life and death, are applied to us in
baptism. . . . infants are . . . proper subjects of baptism, seeing, in the
ordinary way, they cannot be saved unless [sin] be washed away in baptism.
Infants need to be washed from original sin. Therefore they are proper subjects
for baptism.” (cited in chapter 9, The Evils of Infant Baptism, Robert
Boyt C. Howell, accessed in the Fundamental Baptist CD-Rom Library, Oak
Harbor, WA: Way of Life Literature, 2003).  John’s brother, the
Methodist hymn-writer Charles Wesley, wrote against the Baptists, “Partisans of
a narrow sect/ Your cruelty confess/ Nor still inhumanly reject/ Whom Jesus
would embrace./ Your little ones preclude them not/ From the baptismal flood
brought/ But let them now to Christ be saved/ And join the Church of God.” (Charles
Wesley’s Journal, 
18 October 1756, 2:128).  The Wesleys only
called adults already baptized as infants to conversion because of their
heretical Arminian theology.  Since they rejected the Biblical truth
that once one is saved, he is always saved (Romans 8:28-39), they held that one
who was regenerated in infant baptism could fall away and become a child of the
devil again, at which time he would need a second new birth.

Before
making Wesley into a hero of the faith, historic Baptists and fundamentalists
should make sure that their churches know that Wesley believed in Arminianism,
in the continuation of the sign gifts (helping to prepare the way for
Pentecostalism), in Catholic mysticism, in perfectionism, in a false view of the assurance of salvation, in a false doctrine
of justification by becoming inwardly holy, and in baptismal regeneration.

This article has also been posted here.

TDR

I Want to Love the Strange Fire Conference — What’s Tough Are Absolute Contradictions

“You aren’t going to find that kind of music in a reformed church.”  John MacArthur said that about the music of the Charismatic movement in the Strange Fire Conference (HERE is the a semi-transcript—there is stuff missing).  He said it is in fact the music is what drives these events and brings the attraction.  He says, “the attraction is sensual experience that disconnects you from the realities of life.”  He says it would end if you shut down the music and turn on the lights, and they must be “white lights,” he says.  John MacArthur is saying this.  Even more is said.  Todd Friel said that his children listened to “Jesus Culture.”  He asks, “Should I be concerned?”  MacArthur says, Yes, and it is demonic and pagan.

In fact, you do have this in reformed churches all over.  Where is MacArthur coming from?  What about the reformed Charismatics?  What about the sovereign grace churches?  What about C. J. Mahaney?  But that’s not all.  It’s all over the place in reformed churches.  You find worse in John Piper’s reformed church.  It’s just not true!

Pennington said that the music is the avenue to bring them into their teaching.  He said, “Mormons do the same thing.”

At the afternoon q and a, which I’m watching right now, they say that the music is where the problem is.  He says that evangelical churches are using unacceptable to suck people in, as if the music will result in people being saved.  It’s so close, MacArthur says, to what evangelicals use.  It’s hypnotic.  They are pulled in.  The music, the style, is what pulls them in.  They are saying this.

These men act like that this is somewhere else.  This is at MacArthur’s own church.  People who leave Grace Community and Masters bring it with them.  It’s all over.  The staff there, their defenders, are very touchy about that.  They use what they are attacking.  And a reason why people are at Grace is because this is acceptable.  Like Friel said, his own daughters have it on their play list.

Let’s go further with this.  The men they fellowship with, the men they promote, also listen to this kind of, even worse, pagan music.  You see the rock music their people enjoy.  James 3 speaks about this with the tongue.  Out of the same fountain can’t come bitter and sweet water.  If your fountain has this kind of pagan, godless, immoral, sensual music, then how can you say it is wrong or that it can’t be used for worship.  And in fact most of them do use that for worship.

The contradiction should be obvious.  I understand that some will say that it isn’t.  If it is wrong, then it is wrong.  I agree with these men.  A major problem is when the “good guys” sit with the “bad guys,” something Justin Peters said.  MacArthur and Grace and Masters College validates it by either having it or accepting, and it is accepted all over among these men.  They have bridged that gap and will not take a stand against it, so even though they are saying really great things against it, in their practice, they are not taking the stand against it.  They will push Douglas Wilson, who while working on one of his blogposts, wrote this:

While working on this post, to take a snippet of my playlist at random, I have listened to “Feelin’ Alright” by Joe Cocker, “Rivers of Babylon” by the Melodians, “96 Tears” by ? and the Mysterians, “Lonestar” by Norah Jones, “Almost Hear You Sigh” by the Stones, “Watching the River Flow” by Dylan, “Motherless Child” by Clapton, and you get the picture. 

If you play the music for any episode of Mortification of Spin with Carl Trueman, a favorite of these men, ironically a play on John Owen’s Mortification of Sin sermon, you get just the opposite of mortification.  Some would say this doesn’t matter.  It does!  You don’t mortify sin with this kind of music.  You make provision for it.  Owen would turn over in his grave.

These men also allow the eschatology, the dominion theology, by allowing and fellowshiping with postmillennialism and amillennialism.  The postmillennialism is common.  But they continue to fellowship with these men who make this kind of millennialism popular, that turns the goal of the church into a social goal.  And yet they don’t separate from Dever, Sproul, Keller, and Wilson, who push their amillennialism and postmillennialism.  You are going to get more of the same.

They talk about kind of mindless, new age style of music, and rock music.  They use it.  It helps keep them popular.  MacArthur said that the Jesus Movement was a true revival, and that bridged the gap for that music and that worship.  This is what fools people.  MacArthur said and it is written (you can find it):

I can trace certain trends and a visible process over the past twenty-two years. When I first came to this church as pastor, I started to preach this way and people flooded the place. It was an interesting time. It was just after the publication of The Living Bible — for what it is worth — and that certainly gave people a fresh insight into Scripture. Then came the New American Standard Version, the “Jesus Movement,” Calvary Chapel, and the intensive interest in personal Bible study. People came to church carrying Bibles with covers featuring a dove and a cross, and all that. Christian bookstores and publishers began to flourish. Maranatha Music hit — and Christian music exploded.  I really think that one hundred years from now the 1970s and the early 1980s will look like a revival — and that period really was.

For the similarities on the music, you can see it in these pictures from the Resolved Conference, which is put on by MacArthur and Grace.  Look what they do to And Can It Be.  This is exactly what MacArthur himself was speaking against.  Lights off.  Rock music.  it’s blasphemous. But now they are bringing it into the Shepherd’s Conference too (look at between 52 seconds and about 1:10 especially).  Look at Todd Friel himself and his intro (this is typical).  They use the same thing.  I see this as a bigger problem even than a John Piper, who is in the fuzzy middle between the Charismatics and the non-Charismatics, that Phil Johson talked about in his afternoon.  The gap is being bridged with the music.

I hope they will have this in either video or audio or at least in print in their archives afterwards so you can hear this session, the first q and a on Thursday (THEY DO, HERE IT IS—as I went through it, stuff is missing).  Friel says something like this:  The Charismatics will say that there is nothing in the Bible about falling down, shaking, etc. (he says a few more of these things), and so it is permissible, so what do you say about that?  I thought that was a tell-tale moment, because this is typical of these evangelicals.  The Bible doesn’t say it’s wrong!  Phil Johnson himself would say that when we deal with these extra-scriptural issues that we are going beyond what is written (1 Cor 4:6) and he would treat me dismissively and disrespectfully.  MacArthur’s answer to this Charismatic argument, the same as what evangelicals and Phil Johnson himself would use?  That’s such a cheesy argument.  That’s his answer.  He counts it as nothing.  And, of course, it’s true, but it is their argument.  Here’s a statement from their Pulpit Magazine:

[T]he Bible tells us “not to exceed what is written” (1 Corinthians 4:6). We cannot add to the Scripture without subtracting from its effectiveness in our lives. If we elevate personal preference and man-made tradition to the level of God’s Word (Mark 7:6-15), we risk entangling people in the bondage of legalism and diverting them from the true issues of sanctification (Romans 14:17).

Cheesy?  What do you think?  Same argument.

MacArthur went into a long explanation for why it’s OK to use instrumental music with what point?  The only point it could have been was to try to explain the compromise of his own music.  It’s not that they use instruments.  And he extrapolates from that there is nothing wrong with guitars, and then electrical instruments.  Point being?  He’s justifying what they do with their music.  It’s not what instrument — it’s what they do with those instruments.  And if you are going to use electric guitars, what is a sacred or godly use of that instrument invented for rock music, to put on a particular tone that is in fitting with pagan music.  He says they need to turn on white lights.  Why?  Where does scripture say they need white lights?  He’s making applications all over the place.  MacArthur says the music is sensual.  It’s not the words.  The words aren’t very good, but they’re not wrong per se.  That’s a point Friel was driving at, and Friel could not get a solid answer, because he’s dealing with people who are tip toeing all around the edges because of their own compromise.  You listen to it or watch it yourself.

I could write a lot more, and this is not a very formal presentation, more off the cuff, but it is important, I believe, for folks to think about.  If this is going to change, and they want it to change like the Strange Fire Conference is talking about, then these very people need to repent of the past and make a change, to count it as dung, like Paul was willing to do with his past.  They need to stop defending it.  Do I think they will?  I wish it were so, but I don’t think they will.

“The just shall live by faith”— A Study of the Relationship of Faith to Salvation in its Justifying, Sanctifying, and Glorifying Fulness, part 21

     Finally, Paul[i] also quotes Habakkuk 2:4 in the book of Hebrews.  Based on the foundation of justification by faith, Paul’s quotation in Hebrews 10:38 emphasizes the perseverance that results from genuine saving faith.[ii]  Warfield notes:
“That in the Epistle to the Hebrews it is the general idea of faith, or, to be more exact, the subjective nature of faith, that is dwelt upon, rather than its specific object, is not due to a peculiar conception of what faith lays hold upon, but to the particular task which fell to its writer in the work of planting Christianity in the world. With him, too, the person and work of Christ are the specific object of faith (Hebrews 13:7, 8; 3:14; 10:22). But the danger against which, in the providence of God, he was called upon to guard the infant flock, was not that it should fall away from faith to works, but that it should fall away from faith into despair. His readers were threatened not with legalism but with ‘shrinking back’ (Hebrews 10:39), and he needed, therefore, to emphasize not so much the object of faith as the duty of faith. Accordingly, it is not so much on the righteousness of faith as on its perfecting that he insists; it is not so much its contrast with works as its contrast with impatience that he impresses on his readers’ consciences; it is not so much to faith specifically in Christ and in Him alone that he exhorts them as to an attitude of faith—an attitude which could rise above the seen to the unseen, the present to the future, the temporal to the eternal, and which in the midst of sufferings could retain patience, in the midst of disappointments could preserve hope. This is the key to the whole treatment of faith in the Epistle to the Hebrews—its definition as the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen (Hebrews 11:1); its illustration and enforcement by the example of the heroes of faith in the past, a list chosen and treated with the utmost skill for the end in view (11.); its constant attachment to the promises (Hebrews 4:1, 2; 6:12; 10:36, 38; 11:9); its connexion with the faithfulness (Hebrews 11:11; cf. 10:23), almightiness (Hebrews 11:19), and the rewards of God (Hebrews 11:6, 26); and its association with such virtues as boldness (Hebrews 3:6; 4:16; 10:19, 35), confidence (Hebrews 3:14; 11:1), patience (Hebrews 10:36; 12:1), [and] hope (Hebrews 3:6; 6:11, 18; 10:23)” (“The Biblical Doctrine of Faith,” Biblical Doctrines, Warfield, vol. 2 of Works).
Those who are truly just, Paul teaches, will live by faith:  “Now the just shall live by faith: but if any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in him. But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul.”[iii]  The just, those who believe to the saving[iv] of their souls, all the people of God, are contrasted with those who apostatize instead of persevering, who “draw back unto perdition”[v] and are eternally damned.  Paul sets forth this truth as an encouragement to the believing Hebrews to persevere in the faith despite persecution and as a warning to those who would apostatize from Christ and return to the shadows of Judaism that they will receive, not freedom from persecution only, but with it God’s eternal curse and everlasting damnation.  Those who respond in faith to the gospel (Hebrews 4:2) have more than a bare faith in God (Hebrews 6:1, cf. v. 1-9), but a kind of faith that will be mixed with patience and therefore will receive an eternal inheritance (Hebrews 6:12), a kind of faith that brings with it the purified heart of the New Covenant (Hebrews 10:22; 8:8-12).  The heros of the Old Testament recalled in Hebrews 11 are the justified, those who obtain a good report and will be perfected in eternal glory with those of the first century who persevered in like manner (Hebrews 11:2, 39-40);  they are the just who live by faith, those who believe to the saving of their souls, those just men made perfect who enter the New Jerusalem (Hebrews 12:23) and are a great cloud of witnesses to encourage the Hebrews in Paul’s day to persevere (Hebrews 12:1), even as the godly Christian preachers known to the recipients of Hebrews had a saving faith that led them to a blessed eternity with Jesus Christ (Hebrews 13:7-8), in contrast with those in whom God has no pleasure (cf. Hebrews 10:38; 11:5-6), those who draw back to perdition (Hebrews 10:38-39). 
            Thus, explicating Hebrews 10:38-39, Hebrews 11 supplies an extensive analysis of how genuine faith, that possessed by those that believe to the saving of the soul, appeared in the life of Old Testament believers.  The “by faith”[vi] refrain of chapter 11  indicates that the Old Testament worthies acted as they did both because of the presence of genuine faith in them and through the instrumentality of that faith.  The chapter does not affirm that they were free from the effects of indwelling sin, or that they never experienced spiritual declensions, but it does teach that, as people of genuine faith, they possessed a graciously given predominent bent towards God that manifested itself in a life characterized by faithfulness and acts of faith.  The servants of God in Hebrews 11, therefore, do not represent a second or higher class of Christian, but all those truly in the kingdom of God their recognized Creator (Hebrews 11:1-3), the just or righteous (Hebrews 10:38; 11:4) who please God (11:5-6), who are righteous by faith and receive salvation (11:7), who will, like Abraham and Sarah, enter the heavenly city (11:8-19), who look for future reward and therefore suffer affliction with the people of God instead of enjoying the temporary pleasures of sin (11:25-26, cf. 20-26), who forsake the heathen and are not destroyed with them (27-31), and who live by faith in whatever circumstances God places them in and enjoy the resurrection to life with an abundant reward (32-38), receiving the promise of eternal inheritance with the rest of those who possess true faith and consequently persevere (9:15; 11:39-40).  That is, Hebrews 11 teaches both that justification is simply by faith and sets forth the pattern of the life of faith that will mark the justified.[vii] Since the elders obtained a good report simply by faith (11:1-2), works do not justify;  nevertheless, those who have such a good report will manifest that they are just or righteous by acts such as Abel’s worship of God even at the cost of martyrdom, and will, after their life by faith as just men, enter into eternal blessedness.[viii]  They will be resurrected with the just because in their lifetime they pleased God,[ix] as did Enoch (11:5), by faith (11:6).  Like all the righteous of chapter 11, their good report before God in justification will issue in sanctification (11:39).[x]  Those who would inherit “the righteousness which is by faith” will stand for God against the opposition of the world like Noah did when he built the ark (11:7).  Those with saving faith will follow the example of Abraham, who “by faith . . . obeyed” God’s call, even at the cost of separation from one’s kindred and way of life for a wandering existence as a stranger and foreigner (11:8-9), because enduring such earthly trials to inherit the New Jerusalem is worthwhile (11:10).  Saving faith recognizes the validity of God’s promises, as Sarah did, even if they seem impossible (11:11-12).  Saving faith not only intellectually apprehends and is persuaded of God’s promises, but embraces them, resulting in an open confession of and identification with Him, His ways, and His people (11:13), and an open declaration of a preference for His heavenly country (11:14, 16) because of an inward preference for such a holy land and for its holy King—one who truly inwardly prefers this world to God’s coming kingdom will find an occasion to turn back from the way of faith and spiritual and everlasting life (11:15).  True believers are not ashamed of God, and He is not ashamed of them, but has prepared an eternal city for them.[xi]  They characteristically respond in faith to trials, as Abraham did when he put God’s command before his own son Isaac (11:17-19).  They have respect to the promises of God and act in accordance with them, as did Isaac (11:20).[xii]  Saving faith has respect to the Divine promises even to the time of death and manifests itself in a true heart of worship, as seen in Jacob and Joseph (11:21-22).  Saving faith fears God rather than man, and honors Him even if the government commands the contrary, as seen in Moses’ parents (11:23).  Saving faith identifies with the people of God and their worship, esteems reproach for Christ greater riches than worldly treasures, forsakes the world, and endures, because it looks to the coming eternal reward, as Moses did (11:24-28).  Faith exposes its possessors to what appear to be severe physical dangers if required by the command of God, as is evident in Israel’s passing through the Red Sea, whose waters could, were they not restrained by God, have drowned the whole nation as they did the Egyptian army (11:29).  Faith will fight the spiritual warfare to which God has called His people in accordance with His commandment (11:30), as seen in Israel’s conquest of Jericho.  Faith will lead believers to protect God’s servants even at great personal risk, so that those who possess it, as didRahab, will not perish with those who are unbelievers (11:31).[xiii]  Indeed, the Old Testament validates that faith is the cause and instrument for both obtaining spiritual victories and for possessing an overcoming endurance of extreme suffering, torture, and martyrdom for Christ’s sake (11:32-38).  Since such Old Testament heros received life and lived by faith, Paul concludes, so must the Hebrews endure and overcome by faith if they are to obtain the promise of eternal life (11:39-12:1)—indeed, they must look to and follow the greatest Pattern of all of overcoming endurance, Jesus Christ Himself (12:2-3).  As they took up the cross to follow Christ at the moment of their conversion, so must they continue to follow Him.  As Habakkuk made clear, the book of Hebrews affirms that the just not only enter into life by faith but also live by faith during their earthly pilgrimage and consequently enter into their promised eternal inheritance.  The complete idea taught in Genesis 15:6 and Habakkuk 2:4 appears, although with differences of emphasis, in all the New Testament quotations of the Old Testament text in James, Galatians, Romans, and Hebrews.

This post is part of the complete study here.

TDR


[i]           There are many convincing works defending the Pauline authorship of Hebrews, from John Owen’s “Of the Penman of the Epistle to the Hebrews” in his Exercitations on the Epistle to the Hebrews in vol. 17 of his complete works, to Charles Forster’s The Apostolic Authority of the Epistle to the Hebrews (London: James Duncan, 1838), to William Leonard’s Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews: Critical Problem and Use of the Old Testament(Rome:  Vatican Polyglot Press, 1939), to more modern works.  However, the testimony of Scripture itself to the Pauline authorship of the Apostle’s 14th epistle is conclusive.  2 Peter 3:15-16 indicates that Paul wrote an inspired epistle, a work that is part of the New Testament canon, to the Jewish diaspora (2 Peter 3:1; 1 Peter 1:1; cf. James 1:1).  Since Paul’s other thirteen inspired and canonical epistles are written to specific Gentile churches, the book of Hebrews must be the Pauline epistle that Peter refers to in 2 Peter 3:15-16.
[ii]          
[iii]          oJ de« di÷kaioß e˙k pi÷stewß zh/setaikai« e˙a»n uJpostei÷lhtaioujk eujdokei√ hJ yuchmou e˙n aujtwˆ◊. hJmei√ß de« oujk e˙sme«n uJpostolhvß ei˙ß aÓpw¿leianaÓlla» pi÷stewß ei˙ß peripoi÷hsin yuchvß.
            The critical text corruption that changes Paul’s oJ de« di÷kaioß e˙k pi÷stewß zh/setai into oJ de« di÷kaio/ß mou e˙k pi÷stewß zh/setai in Hebrews 10:38 contradicts the Hebrew text of Habakkuk 2:4 and Paul’s own method of quoting the passage in Romans and Galatians.  The Textus Receptus follows 97% of Greek MSS, while the critical text corruption follows the remaining 3%.  There is even evidence in the MSS of the LXX for oJ de« di÷kaioß e˙kpi÷stewß zh/setai rather than oJ de« di÷kaio/ß mou e˙k pi÷stewß zh/setai.
[iv]          While aÓpw¿leia is a word Scripture reserves, in spiritual judgments, to the unregenerate, peripoi÷hsiß, “saving” in Hebrews 10:39, is employed only of blessings upon the people of God (Ephesians 1:14; 1 Thessalonians 5:9; 2 Thessalonians 2:14; Hebrews 10:39; 1 Peter 2:9).
[v]           The proud person, the wóø;b wäøvVpÅn hñ∂rVvÎy_aøl h$DlVÚpUo of Habakkuk 2:4a, is the one who draws back (uJpostei÷lhtai) in Habakkuk 2:4a, LXX—the passage identifies him as an unsaved person.  Furthermore, “perdition,” aÓpw¿leia, is never used in the New Testament of a spiritual judgment that a saved person can undergo, but is very regularly used of the eternal damnation of the unregenerate (cf. the complete list of uses:  Matthew 7:13; 26:8; Mark 14:4; John 17:12; Acts 8:20; 25:16; Romans 9:22; Philippians 1:28; 3:19; 2 Thessalonians 2:3; 1 Timothy 6:9; Hebrews 10:39; 2 Peter 2:1–3; 3:7, 16; Revelation 17:8, 11).  Note also sunapo/llumi for the fate of unbelievers in Hebrews 11:31.
[vi]          pi÷stei.
[vii]         Compare John Owen’s extensive exposition of chapter 11 in his Exposition of Hebrews.
[viii]         Hebrews 10:38; 11:4; 12:23 are the only texts with di÷kaioß in Hebrews, and they all refer to the same sort of person.  Those who are the just will live like just Abel, and then enter into the eternal home of just men made perfect.
[ix]          eujhresthke÷nai twˆ◊ Qewˆ◊.  eujareste÷w appears in the NT only in Hebrews 11:5-6; 13:16.  As in Hebrews 11:5-6 those with saving faith please God, so in Hebrews 13:16 God is pleased with the good deeds and charitable sharing with needy fellow Christians that arise out of a heart established with grace, rather than being pleased with the sacrifices performed by the unconverted Jews who would call the Christian Hebrews back to the shadows of the ceremonial law (13:7-17).
[x]           Note the continuity demonstrated in the uses marture÷w in Hebrews 11:
11:2 e˙n tau/thØ ga»r e˙marturh/qhsan oi˚ presbu/teroi.
For by it the elders obtained a good report.
11:4 pi÷stei plei÷ona qusi÷an ⁄Abel para» Ka¿iœn prosh/negke twˆ◊ Qewˆ◊, di∆ h∞ß e˙marturh/qh ei•nai di÷kaioß, marturouvntoß e˙pi« toi√ß dw¿roiß aujtouv touv Qeouvkai« di∆ aujthvß aÓpoqanw»n e¶ti lalei√.
By faith Abel offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain, by which he obtained witness that he was righteous, God testifying of his gifts: and by it he being dead yet speaketh.
11:5 pi÷stei ∆Enw»c metete÷qh touv mh i˙dei√n qa¿natonkai« oujc euJri÷sketodio/ti mete÷qhken aujtooJ Qeo/ß: pro ga»r thvß metaqe÷sewß aujtouv memartu/rhtai eujhresthke÷nai twˆ◊ Qewˆ◊:
By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him: for before his translation he had this testimony, that he pleased God.
11:39 kai« ou∞toi pa¿nteß, marturhqe÷nteß dia» thvß pi÷stewßoujk e˙komi÷santo the˙paggeli÷an,
And these all, having obtained a good report through faith, received not the promise:
[xi]          Hebrews 11:16;  cf. 2:11; Romans 9:33; 10:9-11; 1 Peter 2:6.
[xii]         Genesis 27, which is referred to in Hebrews 11:20, illustrates both the true faith present in Isaac and that serious sins and manifestations of corruption from indwelling sin can be present in those with saving faith.
[xiii]         Note that the section from 11:4-31 begins with a plain statement that acts of faith manifest the presence of spiritual life in the just or righteous and are instrumental in holy practice (11:4) and ends with an indication that those who do not possess those products of faith in the life will perish as unbelievers (11:31).

“The just shall live by faith”— A Study of the Relationship of Faith to Salvation in its Justifying, Sanctifying, and Glorifying Fulness, part 18

Third, Paul proves in 6:1-8:39 that those
justified by faith receive a spiritual life that encompasses not justification
only, but also progressive sanctification and glorification.  Entrance into the realm of righteousness and
the reign of grace makes certain the possession of life in all its justifying,
sanctifying, and glorifying fulness (5:21). 
Indeed, all of life in its
future and present aspects proceeds out of or from faith,[i]
so that the Christian life is a life of faith. 
Since salvation in all its aspects arises from faith,[ii]
God justifies those who are of faith,[iii]
crediting righteousness to them.[iv]  The spiritual life of the Christian earthly
pilgrimage that proceeds from the reception of life at the moment of
regeneration and justification is likewise lived by faith,[v]
as the believer by faith eagerly awaits his future inheritance[vi]
with a faith that is accompanied by holiness of life,[vii]
since “whatsoever is not of faith is sin.”[viii]  In this manner those justified by faith shall
live on earth by faith, and, as God gives to them increasing measures of faith,[ix]
their earthly sojourn is a life “from faith to faith,”[x]
from one measure of faith to another and greater measure, and from one degree
of holiness to the next, in contrast to the ungodly, whose life is a servitude
to uncleanness and “to iniquity unto iniquity.”[xi]
            Nonetheless,
Paul’s focus in 6:1-8:39 is not the progressive growth of Christian faith,[xii]
but the sure possession and character of Christian life, specifically, the life “in Christ”[xiii]
that is the product of union with Him at the moment of justification and
regeneration—the just shall live by
faith.[xiv]  Eternal life is the present possession of the
believer because of the reign of grace through Jesus Christ (5:17-21), and the
possession of this life, in
conjunction with its corollary, the believer’s judicial death to sin, and
progressive death to sin’s practice and growth in practical righteousness,
arising out of union with Christ in His death and resurrection and the receipt
of judicial righteousness in justification, guarantees that the believer will
not continue in sin (6:1-14).  The
“righteousness of God” is revealed in the salvation through the gospel of
Christ in both judicial justifying and inward sanctifying righteousness, for
the “just” or righteous are the heirs of both by grace (1:16-17).[xv]  The ability to obey is restored by the
regenerating and sanctifying power of God, based on the work of Christ, through
the application of the Holy Spirit—this is part of what is included in the
gospel being “the power of God unto salvation” (1:16).[xvi]  Paul asks, “Is it possible for the believer
to continue in sin?”  “Certainly not,”
the Apostle answers, because the Christian is dead to it, and therefore cannot
live in it any longer (6:1-2).  As
pictured in his post-conversion immersion, the believer is identified with
Christ’s death and resurrection and will therefore walk in newness of life
(6:3-6), since he is judicially free from sin (6:7).  He is free from the dominion of sin and lives
spiritually to God, for he is alive with Christ (6:8-10).  He is to reckon himself dead to sin and alive
to God, as one who has risen from spiritual death to life, because sin will not
have dominion over him, since he is under the reign of grace (6:11-14;
5:21).  So will the believer sin, because
he is under God’s grace?  No, he will
not, because he has been made free from sin when he was converted—he will,
therefore, characteristically yield himself more and more to righteousness and
holiness instead of to ever greater depths of iniquity (6:15-22).  He will not receive the wages of sin in
spiritual death, but the gift of God, eternal and spiritual life through Jesus
Christ—life in growing measure through the course of his Christian walk, and
everlasting life to the highest extent in the coming glory (6:23).  He is dead to his old sinful servitude and
the spiritual death associated with it and alive to a new master, Christ, in a
manner comparable to that of a woman whose old husband has died and who now has
a new lord (7:1-6).  The law, which
should have been the means of life, brought death because of the power of sin,
with the result that sin came to be recognized as exceedingly sinful
(7:7-13).  Indeed, the contrast of the
perfect standard of the law and even the believer’s obedience is very great,
but Jesus Christ gives the victory and even now the believer no longer sins
with his whole being, but serves God with his mind (7:14-25).  Therefore believers do not walk after the
flesh, but after the Spirit, because the law of the Spirit of life in Christ
has made them free from the law of sin and death (8:1-2).  Christ’s death has brought believers
deliverance from the power of sin and death and the presence of the indwelling
Spirit[xvii]
with the result that the righteous requirements of the law are now partially
fulfilled within and by the believer on earth as, by grace, he grows in
holiness, and are totally and perfectly filled in the eschaton (8:3-4).[xviii]
 Christians now have life and peace
because of their possession of a spiritual mind, instead of the fleshly and
rebellious mind they had before their conversion, which brings spiritual death
(8:5-8).  They have spiritual life and
the indwelling Holy Spirit (8:9-11). 
They are led by the Spirit of God to mortify their indwelling sin and
receive eternal life (8:12-14), being freed from bondage into the glory of the
adopted sons of God (8:15-17), a glory that will extend to the redemption of
the whole creation—indeed, all things work together for good to them, and
blessings from predestination in eternity past, to present justification, to
future glorification, are certain to them (8:18-39).  Judicial and practical righteousness,
spiritual and eternal life, are all included in the life that believers, who
are the just, receive by grace alone from their redeeming God.
            Romans
9-11 unfolds some of what is involved in the gospel being “to the Jew first,
and also to the Greek” (1:16).[xix]  Israel received tremendous privileges (9:1-5,
cf. 3:1-2), from the Scriptures to the covenants to the eternally blessed God
over all, the Messiah.  Nevertheless,
only a Jewish remnant believed the gospel as Paul preached it in the
dispensation of grace.  This fact,
however, was by no means a failure of the Word or promises of God, for under
the old covenant also only a remnant was saved—despite Israel’s national
election, only those who were and are of faith constituted the true seed of
Abraham who received everlasting salvation (9:6-29).  In fact, the Old Testament indicated that not
Jews only, but all, including Gentiles, who would believe would be saved (9:24,
30-33), and that salvation by faith, which was universally and indiscriminately
offered to all men, would indeed by received by many Gentiles but rejected by
many of the physical seed of Israel (10:1-21). 
However, God had not cast Israel away, nor had His promises and Word
failed, for a remnant would continue to come to faith throughout the
dispensation of grace, and the entire Jewish nation will be converted in the
future at the end of the Tribulation period as the Millenial kingdom is ushered
in (11:1-36).  Whether Jews or Gentiles,
those who are of faith are the just who shall live.
            Romans
12:1-15:13 exhorts the Roman church to a myriad of practical duties that should
adorn the life of those who by faith are just. In light of the “mercies of God”[xx]
set forth in Romans 1-11, Paul “therefore” exhorts the “brethren,” the just who
live by faith, to serve God as living sacrifices (12:1ff.).  Romans 15:13, which concludes the main body
of Romans that began with the thesis statement of 1:16-17, indicates, as does
the “from faith to faith” of 1:16-17, that God fills the saints with all joy
and peace as they believe and by means of their faith;[xxi]  faith is the human response through which God
makes the believer holy, filling him with the holy attributes of hope, peace,
and joy.  The increase of the saint’s
inward holiness consequently results in holy actions (15:14; cf.
12:1-15:13).  The gospel of God, through
the power[xxii] of
the Holy Ghost, provides all the saints a judicial righteousness, practical
righteousness, and a perfect ultimate righteousness, and, indeed, all spritual
blessings, as necessary concomittants of union with the Son (8:32).  Paul’s preaching of the gospel was a priestly
service[xxiii]
that led to formerly wicked Gentiles becoming an acceptable[xxiv]
sacrifice, “sanctified by the Holy Ghost” (15:16), obedient in word and deed because of the sanctifying efficacy of the
Almighty Spirit of God (15:18-19).[xxvi]  Sanctification is an absolutely certain
consequence of justification—Gentiles encorporated into the people of God
become living and holy sacrifices[xxvii]
to the God whose mercy delivered them from the penalty and power of sin
(12:1-2).  Receipt of the gospel in faith
leads both to justification and to the saints being established in holiness by
the power of God, resulting in the “obedience of faith” (16:25-27).[xxviii]
 Paul’s use of Habakkuk 2:4 in the thesis
statement of his epistle to the Romans in 1:16-17 is exactly in line with the
meaning of the Lord through the Old Testament prophet.  Since the just shall live by faith,
justification is a free gift received by grace alone through faith alone.  Since the just shall live by faith,
progressive sanctification and growth in spiritual life, faith, faithfulness,
and holiness is certain for all the justified, for all those who possess faith,
while faithfulness is impossible without saving faith.  Since the just shall live by faith, ultimate
glorification is also certain for all the justified (cf. 8:28-39)—every one of
God’s precious just ones shall receive the consummation of eternal life in a
blessed eternity.  All believers continue
to rely on Christ alone for the entirety of their justifying righteousness, and
all believers live—they have spiritual life now, characteristically trust in
Jehovah and grow in faith and other fruits of the Spirit, and will receive the
consummation of the life they now enjoy in a blessed life in the eschaton.

This post is part of the complete study here.
TDR



[i]           e˙k pi÷stewß.  Note that
this important Pauline expression (Romans 1:17; 3:26, 30; 4:16; 5:1; 9:30, 32;
10:6; 14:23; Galatians 2:16; 3:7–9, 11–12, 22, 24; 5:5; Hebrews 10:38) occurs
only in Habakkuk 2:4 in the LXX.  It is
also rare in the writings of early post-apostolic Christiandom (but cf. Justin
Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho
135:  “[T]here are two seeds of Judah,
and two races, as there are two houses of Jacob: the one begotten by blood and
flesh, the other by faith and the Spirit” (
du/o spe÷rmata ∆Iou/da, kai« du/o
ge÷nh, wJß du/o oi¶kouß ∆Iakw¿b: ton me«n e˙x aiºmatoß kai« sarko/ß: ton de«
e˙k pi÷stewß kai« pneu/matoß gegennhme÷non
).

[ii]           The believer is one who has the quality of being oJ e˙k pi÷stewß, Romans 4:16.

[iii]          oJ e˙k pi÷stewß, Romans 3:26, 30; 4:16; Galatians 3:7-9;  also Romans 5:1; Galatians 2:16; 3:22-24;
contrast 3:12.

[iv]          Romans 9:30-32; 10:6.

[v]           In addition to Romans 12:3; 14:23; 15:13, note also 1
Corinthians 16:13; 2 Corinthians 1:24; 4:13; 5:7, for evidence that the entire
Christian life from justification to glory is a life of faith.

[vi]          Galatians 5:5, e˙k pi÷stewß . . .
aÓpekdeco/meqa.

[vii]         James 2:24.

[viii]
        pa◊n de« o§ oujk e˙k pi÷stewß,
aJmarti÷a e˙sti÷
,
Romans 14:23b.

[ix]          Romans 12:3, oJ Qeoß e˙me÷rise
me÷tron pi÷stewß
.

[x]           e˙k pi÷stewß ei˙ß pi÷stin—followed by kaqw»ß ge÷graptai, ÔO de« di÷kaioß e˙k pi÷stewß zh/setai.  The significance of the “from faith to faith”
(
e˙k pi÷stewß ei˙ß pi÷stin) is illuminated by “they shall go from
strength to strength” (
poreu/sontai e˙k duna¿mewß ei˙ß du/namin, Psalm 84:7 (83:8,
LXX));  they
have gone on from evil to evil
” (
e˙k kakw◊n ei˙ß kaka»
e˙xh/lqosan
,
Jeremiah 9:2 (9:3, LXX));  To the one we are
the savour of death unto death; and to the other the savour of life unto life”
(
oi–ß me«n ojsmh qana¿tou ei˙ß qa¿naton, oi–ß
de« ojsmh zwhvß ei˙ß zwh/n
, 2 Corinthians 2:16); 
“But we all . . . are changed into the same image from glory to glory” (
hJmei√ß de« pa¿nteß . . . thn aujth/n ei˙ko/na metamorfou/meqa
aÓpo do/xhß ei˙ß do/xan
, 2 Corinthians 3:18); 
classical parallels include
Suetonius, Galba
14.1, where in abandoning one imperial choice after the next after the death of
Nero, “some demon” drove the soldiers “from treachery to treachery” (
e˙k prodosi/aß ei˙ß prodosi/an).

[xi]          Romans 6:19;  note the
contrast: 
w‚sper ga»r
paresth/sate ta» me÷lh uJmw◊n douvla thØv aÓkaqarsi÷aˆ kai« thØv aÓnomi÷aˆ ei˙ß thn aÓnomi÷an,
ou¢tw nuvn parasth/sate ta» me÷lh uJmw◊n douvla thØv dikaiosu/nhØ ei˙ß aJgiasmo/n
, the latter being a description of the same
process of progressive sanctification as 1:17’s
e˙k pi÷stewß
ei˙ß pi÷stin
.

[xii]         Thus, pi÷stiß appears in Rom 1:5, 8, 12, 17; 3:3, 22,
25–28, 30–31; 4:5, 9, 11–14, 16, 19–20; 5:1–2, but then disappears until 9:30,
after which it appears again in 9:32; 10:6, 8, 17; 11:20; 12:3, 6; 14:1, 22–23;
16:26.  The
pisteu/w word group appears only in
6:8 between 5:2 and 9:30.  The gap is
unmistakable when the entire group in Romans is examined:  Romans 1:5, 8, 12, 16–17; 3:2–3, 22, 25–28,
30–31; 4:3, 5, 9, 11–14, 16–20, 24; 5:1–2; 6:8; 9:30, 32–33; 10:4, 6, 8–11, 14,
16–17; 11:20, 23; 12:3, 6; 13:11; 14:1–2, 22–23; 15:13; 16:22, 26.

[xiii]
        e˙n Cristwˆ◊ˆ◊ appears once in Romans 1-5
(3:24), but becomes more frequent after the idea involved in union with Adam
and with Christ is set forth, although without the specific use of
e˙n
Cristwˆ◊ˆ◊
, in
5:12-21;  thus, in the section 6:1-8:39
(where
e˙n Cristwˆ◊ˆ◊ concludes the section in 8:39), and in the
subsequent portions of Romans, the phraseology grows very notably in abundance
(Romans 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1–2, 39–9:1; 12:5; 15:17; 16:3, 7, 9–10).

[xiv]         Thus, zwh/ and za¿w are central in 6-8, being found in 6:2, 4, 10–11, 13, 22–7:3; 7:9–10;
8:2, 6, 10, 12–13, 38—
ÔO de« di÷kaioß e˙k pi÷stewß zh/setai. 
Note the identification of Christ and His life with the believer and his
life through the
suza¿w of 6:8. aÓnaza¿w is also found
in 7:9.  The complete list of
zwh/ texts
in Romans is: 2:7; 5:10, 17–18, 21; 6:4, 22–23; 7:10; 8:2, 6, 10, 38;
11:15. 
za¿w appears
in 1:17; 6:2, 10–11, 13; 7:1–3, 9; 8:12–13; 9:26; 10:5; 12:1; 14:7–9, 11.

[xv]         Note the transition from judicial righteousness to practical
righteousness in progressive sanctification in the use of the
di÷kaioß word
group;  contrast the uses in Romans
3:20–22, 24–26, 28, 30; 4:2–3, 5–6, 9, 11, 13, 22; 5:1, 7, 9, 17, 19, 21 with
those in Romans 6:7, 13, 16, 18–20.

[xvi]         That is, the du/namiß . . . Qeouv . . . ei˙ß swthri÷an of 1:16 includes a
restoration by the Holy Spirit (8:9ff.) of the
du/namiß to obey God lost in the Fall
(8:7-8,
du/namai), and God’s exercise of du/namiß is absolutely and
unstoppably effectual in its purpose (cf. 8:38-39);  see 15:13, 14, 19; 16:25.

[xvii]        Note the plentitude of
references to the
pneuvma in Romans 8 (8:1–2, 4–6, 9–11, 13–16, 23, 26);  the Holy Spirit is mentioned earlier in
Romans only in 1:4 and 5:5 (though the word
pneuvma also appears in 1:9; 2:29;
7:6.  After Romans 8, the Holy Spirit is
mentioned also in 9:1; 14:17; 15:13, 16, 19, 30;
pneuvma appears also in 11:8; 12:11).  The Holy Spirit as a Product and Gift of the
“in Christ” relationship, and as Producer of spiritual life, comes to the fore
in Romans 8.  It should be noted that His
presence and work are a blessing possessed by all those in union with Christ in
Romans 8—nothing in the chapter limits His work to a minority of Christians or
to, say, those who affirm that they have entered into a post-conversion second
blessing or Higher Life experience.

[xviii]
      The passive plhrwqhØv in to dikai÷wma touv no/mou plhrwqhØv e˙n hJmi√n indicates that God is the
source of the fulfillment of the law—grace is the source of all in the
believer’s salvation and new covenant obedience.  However, there is nothing in Romans 8:4 that
indicates that the believer’s progressive sanctification is vicarious or that
the believer does not himself act in the fulfillment of the law.  In the similar syntax in John 17:13 (
iºna
e¶cwsi thn cara»n thn e˙mhn peplhrwme÷nhn e˙n aujtoi√ß
), God is certainly the One
who produces the fulillment, but the believers are actively joyful.  Indeed, the syntax of the passive of
plhro/w + e˙n + pronoun can even be
instrumental;  cf. “this was Jesus, and
that the Scripture was fulfilled in/by Him,”
Touvton ei•nai ∆Ihsouvn,
kai« peplhrw◊sqai e˙n aujtwˆ◊ thn Grafh/n
, (Irenaeus, Against
Heresies
3:12:8).

[xix]         ∆Ioudai÷wˆ te prw◊ton kai« ›Ellhni. ›Ellhn appears in 10:12 after being
absent since early in Romans (1:14, 16; 2:9–10; 3:9), and
∆Ioudai√oß reappears also in 9:24,
10:12 after being absent since 1-3 (1:16; 2:9–10, 17, 28–3:1; 3:9, 29), while
∆Israh/l appears only in 9-11, but
there very frequently (9:6, 27, 31; 10:1, 19, 21; 11:2, 7, 25–26;  note also
e¶qnoß in 9:24, 30; 10:19;
11:11–13, 25, which had been absent since 1-4;
e¶qnoß also reappears in 15-16 in
light of the content of those chapters, after being absent in 12-14).  Since the receipt, or rejection, of salvation
(
swthri÷a/sw¿ˆzw, 9:27; 10:1, 9–10, 13;
11:11, 14, 26) in its juridicial, renewing, and eschatological fullness is
under consideration in the chapters, the development from emphasis upon righteousness and consequently life found in the progression from
3:20-5:21 and 6:1-8:39 is no longer maintained. 
Thus,
pi÷stiß reappears (Romans 9:30, 32; 10:6, 8, 17; 11:20) along with pisteu/w (9:33; 10:4, 9–11, 14, 16)
frequently in the company of
dikaiosu/nh (9:28, 30–31; 10:3–6, 10), while the fact that
receipt of righteousness brings life
is assumed rather than receiving continued emphasis (hence
za¿w appears only in 9:26; 10:5,
in neither case of the life of the justified by faith).  Note also the reappearance of
eujagge÷lion/eujaggeli÷zw in 10:15–16; 11:28,
appearing earlier only in 1:1, 9, 15–16; 2:16.

[xx]         dia» tw◊n oi˙kti÷rmwn touv Qeouv in 12:1 refers back to
9:15,
∆Eleh/sw o§n a·n e˙lew◊, kai« oi˙kteirh/sw o§n a·n
oi˙ktei÷rw
.

[xxi]         In Romans 15:13, oJ de« Qeoß thvß
e˙lpi÷doß plhrw◊sai uJma◊ß pa¿shß cara◊ß kai« ei˙rh/nhß e˙n twˆ◊ pisteu/ein, ei˙ß
to perisseu/ein uJma◊ß e˙n thØv e˙lpi÷di, e˙n duna¿mei Pneu/matoß ÔAgi÷ou
, the e˙n twˆ◊ pisteu/ein of Romans 15:13 indicates the means (cf. pg. 145, A Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol.
3, Nigel Turner) by which the saints are filled with joy and peace, just as the
e˙n duna¿mei Pneu/matoß ÔAgi÷ou indicates means.  Both the Divine power and the human
responsibility in sanctification are seen in the parallel
e˙n phrases,
while Paul does not affirm that they have equal ultimacy.  While
e˙n twˆ◊ + infinitive is more commonly used for
contemporaneous time than for means, the parallelism with
e˙n duna¿mei Pneu/matoß ÔAgi÷ou supports means (cf. also 15:19, e˙n
duna¿mei Pneu/matoß Qeouv
).  Furthermore, even if one
wished to affirm that
e˙n twˆ◊ pisteu/ein indicates contemporaneous
time, the fact that the filling takes place at the time of the believing would
support that belief is in some sense a condition of being filled with joy and
peace.  The spiritual life of Divinely
produced joy and peace received by means of faith is part of what is involved
in the life that the just have by faith (Romans 1:16-17), as Romans 15:13 is
the logical conclusion to the main body of the letter that began in 1:16.  Compare 1 Peter 1:8.

[xxii]
       The e˙n duna¿mei Pneu/matoß ÔAgi÷ou of 15:13 also ties back to
the “power of God,” the
du/namiß . . . Qeouv, of 1:16; 
note the references to
du/namai at 15:14 and the end of the epistle in 16:25.

[xxiii]
      A i˚erourge÷w of to
eujagge÷lion touv Qeouv
;  note also leitourgo/ß; cf. Hebrews 8:2; Ezra
7:24; Nehemiah 10:39; Isaiah 61:6 (LXX).

[xxiv]
      eujpro/sdektoß; cf. 1 Peter 2:5, Ye also,
as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer
up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ,
kai«
aujtoi« wJß li÷qoi zw◊nteß oi˙kodomei√sqe oi•koß pneumatiko/ß, i˚era¿teuma
a‚gion, aÓnene÷gkai pneumatika»ß qusi÷aß eujprosde÷ktouß twˆ◊ Qewˆ◊ dia»
∆Ihsouv Cristouv
.

[xxvi]
      Romans 15:18-19 indicates that the uJpakoh/ e˙qnw◊n, lo/gwˆ kai« e¶rgwˆ, was a product of
the mediate agency of Paul’s apostolic ministry
e˙n duna¿mei
shmei÷wn kai« tera¿twn
and the ultimate agency of the Spirit, e˙n duna¿mei Pneu/matoß Qeouv.

[xxvii]
      The offering of 15:25-33 and the holy
actions mentioned in the people listed in 16:1-24 are examples of the holy
sacrifices that the almighty grace of God produces in those justified and
regenerated;  they are specific
manifestations of what the renewed life of those who have become just by faith
looks like.

[xxviii]
     The continuity and development from 1:16-17
to 15:13-16 (cf. 17-20) and 16:25-27 is clear.

The Covenant Name of God: Jehovah or Yahweh?

The vowels of the Tetragrammaton, that is, Yehowah or Jehovah (Exodus
6:3; Psalm 83:18; Isaiah 12:2; 26:4)
are not a late addition, but represent
the original and true pronunciation of the profoundly significant
  Divine Name.  The commonly repeated modern idea that
the pronunciation
Jehovah is a late and incorrect invention, while
Yahweh is the true pronunciation of the Name, is false. No known Hebrew manuscript on
earth contains the vocalization
Yahweh. On the other hand, the form Jehovah is found in a variety of locations in
the oldest Hebrew copies, such as the Aleppo codex and a variety of Biblical
fragments dated between 700 and 900,

as well as being the universal pointing
in the Old Testament Textus Receptus. Jewish scholars such as Maimonides
(1138-1204) affirmed that the Tetragrammaton was pronounced according to its
letters
 
as YeHoWaH.
Were, as the common modern notion

affirms, the vowels of the Divine Name
simply lifted from
Adonai, the yod of the
Tetragram would have a
hateph pathach
underneath it, not a shewa.  Furthermore,
all the names in Scripture that begin with portions of the Tetragrammaton
possess the vowels of
Jehovah, not of Yahweh.
If one wanted to maintain that the
vocalization of God’s Name had been corrupted in Scripture, contrary to His
declarations that nothing of the kind would happen (Psalm 12:6-7; Matthew
5:18), one would also need to maintain that every name in the Bible that begins
with part of the Tetragrammaton has also been corrupted.  Jehoadah would really be something like
Yahwadah;  Jehoahaz would be Yahwahaz;
Jehoash would be Yahwahash, and so on. Furthermore, no theophoric names
anywhere in Scripture end with an
eh, the expected ending were the Name
pronounced
Yahweh. Similarly, the word Hallelujah and the Greek Alleluia validate the ah at the end of the Divine Name.
Furthermore, the Mishna states that the Name was pronounced as it was written, that
is, as
Jehovah.
This pronunciation is also consistent
with Talmudic evidence.
The
plain facts concerning what the vowels on the Name actually are in the Hebrew
text, other theophoric names, the Mishna, and a variety of other evidences
demonstrate that the Tetragrammaton is correctly pronounced
Jehovah.
In contrast to the strong evidence in
favor of the pronunciation
Jehovah, very little favors the pronunciation Yahweh. Since this latter pronunciation is
not favored by any evidence in the Hebrew of the Bible, nor in other ancient
Jewish documents, its advocates must look outside of Scripture and Jewish texts
for evidence in its favor. This they find in the late patristic writers Theodoret
and Epiphanius, who give Iabe
as the pronunciation of the
Tetragrammaton, although the former distinguishes this vocalization as the pronunciation
of the Samaritans.
These
statements constitute the most substantive and strongest argument in favor of
the pronunciation
Yahweh.
Also, papyri involving pagan magic, and
in which every possible and impossible designation of deities, Greek, Egyptian
and Semitic, is found in profuse variety, contain invocations that sound like
the word
Yahweh.
To use the speculations of two
patristic writers—one of whom even specifies that
Yahweh was a Samaritan pronunciation, and that
the Jews used something else—to overthrow the vocalization of the Name in the
OT Textus Receptus,
Jehovah, is entirely unjustifiable. To use a
name found in some pagan papyri that are invoking numberless idols and demons
to reject
Jehovah is even worse. The evidence for the
pronunciation
Yahweh is very poor, and totally insufficient
to overthrow the powerful and numerous evidences in favor of the pronunciation
Jehovah.
Thus, it is evident that Jehovah is the correct pronunciation of the
Name of God.
Jehovah
has not allowed the pronunciation of His Name to be lost.
The error that Yahweh is the correct
pronunciation of the Divine Name is connected to the error that only the
consonants of the Hebrew text are inspired, while the vowels were invented by a
class of Jewish scribes around the tenth century A. D.  On the contrary, Scripture and solid evidence
demonstrates that the words of the Hebrew text—including the vowels—are
inspired and were recorded by the Biblical authors.  Extensive evidence for the inspiration of the
Hebrew vowels is provided in my essay “Evidences for the Inspiration of the Hebrew Vowel Points” in the Bibliology section of my website here. The evidence for the pronunciation Jehovah above is a summary of Appendix 1
of the same essay on my website, where extensive documentation and a more
detailed discussion is provided.  The
question is also discussed in lecture #1 of my class on Trinitarianism here. My essay “The Debate over the Inspiration of the Hebrew Vowel Points” should also be mentioned.
Furthermore, the fact that Jehovah is the correct pronunciation of
the Tetragrammaton is one of a number of strong reasons to reject the critical
Hebrew text (the Leningrad MS) underlying the generality of modern English
Bible versions.  While the Old Testament
Received Text that underlies the Authorized Version properly and fully
vocalizes the Tetragrammaton, the Hebrew critical text corrupts the Divine Name
by omitting one of its vowels in thousands of passages.  Other serious corruptions are also present in
the Leningrad MS.
Finally, the King James Bible is found
to be correct in its vocalization of the Divine Name as Jehovah, while it properly omits the modern fictitious
pronunciation Yahweh.  God’s people should do the same, and call,
not on Yahweh, but on the Triune
Jehovah.
–TDR

“The just shall live by faith”— A Study of the Relationship of Faith to Salvation in its Justifying, Sanctifying, and Glorifying Fulness, part 15

The specific
quotations of Genesis 15:6[i]
and Habakkuk 2:4 in the New Testament, both by Paul and by James, lie in clear
continuity with both the grammatical-historical meaning of the Old Testament
texts in their specific contexts and the wider Old and New Testament doctrines
about the status and character of the just, the nature of the life that they
possess, and the role of faith. 
The New Testament quotations will be examined in their chronological
order—James, then Galatians, then Romans, and finally Hebrews.

James, in his
quotation from Genesis 15:6 in James 2:23, emphasizes the aspect of the Old
Testament doctrine of faith that indicates that continuing faith, faithfulness,
and obedience are the certain products of genuine conversion and justifying
faith.  His usage is clear from an
examination of James 2:14-26.  A
man who says that he has faith, but does not have works, does not have the sort
of faith that Abraham possessed, but a “faith” of a different and inferior
character, a kind of mental assent that does not result in inward renewal and
one that will not save he who possesses only it (James 2:14).[ii]
James 2:14a-d does not actually affirm that the speaker is a possessor
of genuine faith;  rather, he is one who only vocally
testifies that he is a possessor of faith (cf. 1:25).  Nor does James call him a “brother”;  he is simply “a man,” a certain one who
says[iii]
he has faith—indeed, he is but a “vain man” (2:20).  While he does not affirm that this “vain man” has real
faith, James does state that this man does not have works—while such a person
says that he has faith, what is actually clear is that he does not have works.[iv]  His faith does not express itself in
deeds, only in words—the only way that he can show that he has faith is by a
confession of orthodox doctrine, for his deeds show nothing (2:18-19).[v]  The absence of works is a clear
distinguishing characteristic of his life.[vi]  James therefore asks, “can faith—the kind
of faith[vii]
that does not produce works—save?” (James 2:14e).  James’ answer to this question is “no.”[viii]  Such a profession of faith is as empty
and worthless as are pleasant sounding words unaccompanied by genuine material
assistance to a desperately needy, hungry, and naked Christian brother who is
in danger of death by starvation or exposure (2:15-17; cf. Matthew 25:36,
43).  A profession of compassion
without deeds has no value in meeting physical needs, and an empty profession
of faith that does not produce works similarly has no power to save
spiritually.  This kind of faith,[ix]
the kind that is characteristically or continually unaccompanied by works,[x]
is dead, being alone or by itself[xi]
(2:17, 20, 26).  There is as much
of a difference between this professed but empty and dead “faith” and saving
faith as there is between a dead body and a living man (2:26),[xii]
and such a dead faith will only save men as much as it will save devils (2:19).[xiii]

James sets forth Abraham (2:21-24) as the
paradigmatic example of the fact that saving faith is always accompanied with
works.  Abraham was justified by
works[xiv]—shown
to be righteous[xv] in this
world—when he offered Isaac his son, as recorded in Genesis 22.[xvi]  Works did not transfer Abraham from the
realm of those under Divine wrath and headed for damnation into the realm of
the redeemed who possess the Divine favor and are headed for eternal
glory.  Such a transformation, as
James indicates by his quotation of Genesis 15:6, took place when Abraham
believed and was accounted righteous through the imputation of Messianic
righteousness.  Works do not
transform a dead faith into a living faith, but they manifest the presence of
living faith.  James recognizes the
teaching of Genesis that faith, not obedience, is the instrumentality through
which men receive that perfect and sufficient righteousness that provides a
sure everlasting hope in the sight of God, while he emphasizes the fact, also
clearly taught in Genesis and the rest of the Old Testament, that the believing are the faithful, so that those who are declared righteous before God
on the basis of imputed righteousness are also shown righteous in this life by
their works.  James refers to the
“works” of Abraham, rather than to the single “work” of offering up Isaac,
because Abraham’s faithfulness on Mount Moriah, in putting Jehovah’s command
before his own beloved Isaac (Genesis 22), was the culminating work recorded in
Genesis of the patriarch’s life of faithfulness, all of which sprung out of the
transformation that took place in his life decades earlier through his being
brought into union with God through faith in the land of Ur[xvii]
as attested in Genesis 15:6. 
Abraham’s faith was “made perfect”[xviii]
by his works (James 2:22) because Abraham’s receipt
of a Divine imputed righteousness was not left alone, but led to progressive
sanctification and ultimately to glorification.  Justification, sanctification, and glorification are a
continuum along which all the saints, but none but they, are brought.  Abraham’s faith in response to the
Divine call and revelation in Genesis 12 and 15 was brought to full measure, to
completeness, by works, in that inward holiness and its outward fruit of good
works are products of the union with Christ established through faith.  The statement of Genesis 15:6 that
Abraham believed God was “fulfilled” (James 2:23) by Abraham’s faithful
obedience, culminating in the events of Genesis 22, because true faith, the
faith that brings he who exercises it into union with Jehovah and results in
imputed righteousness, also always results in faithfulness and obedience.  Such obedience is so certain an issue
of saving faith that James can regard the statement of Abraham’s exercise of
saving faith in Genesis 15:6 as a prediction[xix]
of following obedience which was fulfilled in the patriarch’s works,
culminating in Genesis 22. 
Abraham’s offering up his son was a fulfillment of his believing in
God.  One who believes will come to
act like Abraham did in Genesis 22 and will be the friend of God[xx]
instead of being the friend of the world and the adulterous enemy of God (James
4:4).
Had Abraham stayed in Ur of the Chaldees instead of rejecting
idolatry and entrusting himself to and following Jehovah based on the Abrahamic
covenant, he would not have been justified, as Rahab would likewise not have
been justified had she sided with the idolatrous enemies of Jehovah in Jericho
and had she refused to protect the spies (James 2:25; Joshua 2, 6), but they
both would have been unjustified not because they had a true faith that just never
produced anything, but because such a lack of works would have been indicative
of an absence of true faith.[xxi]  Since true
faith always results in faithfulness,[xxii]
the kind of faith that does not produce works is dead (James 2:20, 24,
26).  James affirms, as does Paul
(Romans 2:13) and the rest of the Old and New Testament, that one who possesses
a dead “faith only”[xxiii]
that is without works, one who is a “hearer only” (James 1:22)[xxiv]
who does not obey the Word, is yet unregenerate.[xxv]
 Such a person must not allow
himself to be deceived by his empty profession.  Abraham’s life is clear—true faith results in faithfulness,
and only the believing, who are the faithful, possess spiritual life now and
eternal life in the eschaton.  The
just shall live by faith.

This post is part of the complete study here.

TDR


[i]
Richard
Longenecker notes:
The theme of the faith of Abraham in the NT . . . has a
number of facets to it, and each possesses its own validity as well as serves
to enhance the whole: Faith is a wholehearted response to God in Christ, apart
from a person’s own attempts to gain merit, as Paul has stressed in countering
the Judaizers; it is that which results in acts of positive helpfulness and
kindness with respect to the physical needs of others, as James has emphasized
in combating a perversion of Christian doctrine: and it is that which eagerly
looks forward to the full realization of God’s promises in the future,
arranging its priorities and setting its lifestyle accordingly here and now, as
. . . Hebrews has highlighted in confronting the situation [it] was addressing.
Like the beauty of a diamond which is only fully appreciated when the gem is
rotated slowly in the light, so the faith of Abraham is only known in its
fulness as we study it in its varying circumstantial dimensions and as we allow
those dimensions to transform our own thinking, outlook, lifestyle and action.
(pg. 211, “The ‘Faith of Abraham’ Theme in Paul, James, and Hebrews:  A Study in the Circumstantial Nature of
New Testament Teaching,” Richard N. Longenecker.  Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
20:3 (September 1977) 203-212)

[ii]
Ti÷ to
o¡feloß, aÓdelfoi÷ mou, e˙a»n pi÷stin le÷ghØ tiß e¶cein, e¶rga de« mh e¶chØ;
mh du/natai hJ pi÷stiß sw◊sai aujto/n;
  James 2:14
states the topic of the entire section of 2:14-26.

[iii]
le÷ghØ tiß.  Note
also 2:18, where his claim that he has faith is repeated, although James
affirms that his claim is merely empty.

[iv]
e¶rga de« mh e¶chØ.

[v]
James’
reference to the Shema

(Deuteronomy 6:4) is illustrative, not comprehensive, of the orthodox doctrinal
affirmations of his rhetorical adversary (the “vain man” of v. 20) in
2:14-26.  The point is not that one
has dead faith who is merely a monotheist, but that one who has a matchless
profession of doctrinal orthodoxy, as illustrated in a happy confession of the Shema
, but has no deeds, has dead faith.  The devils are not merely monotheists,
but have a peerless theological orthodoxy;  they believe in the Trinity, in justification before God by
faith alone, in the creation account of Genesis, the resurrection of Christ,
heaven and hell, and all other Biblical doctrine, but they are obviously devoid
of saving faith.

[vi]
James
consequently employs the present subjunctive
e¶chØ
rather than the aorist subjunctive
scw◊ (Acts 25:26;
Romans 1:13; Philippians 2:27) to describe what the man of James 2:14 does not
have.  Many texts with the present subjunctive
of
e¶cw clearly refer to durative or continuing action, and
not one clearly refers to a point action (Matthew 17:20; 19:16; 21:21; Mark
4:25; Luke 8:18; John 3:15–16; 5:40; 6:40; 8:6; 10:10; 13:35; 16:33; 17:13;
20:31; Romans 15:4; 1 Corinthians 4:15; 6:4; 13:1–3; 2 Corinthians 1:15; 2:3;
5:12; 8:12; Ephesians 4:28; Colossians 3:13; 1 Thessalonians 4:12; 1 Timothy 5:20;
Hebrews 6:18; 12:28; James 2:14, 17; 1 John 1:3; 2:28; 3:17; 4:17).

[vii]
The
article in James 2:14e on
hJ pi÷stiß is
anaphoric, referring to the
pi÷stin le÷ghØ tiß e¶cein of James 2:14c;  that is, it
“points back to a certain kind of faith as defined by the author” (pg. 219,
Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics
), namely, the kind of faith that does not produce works.  This kind of faith, a faith that does
not manifest itself in works, is the topic in view throughout the passage.  Note the series of anaphoric articles
on faith
in the following
verses: 
hJ pi÷stiß, v. 17;  thn pi÷stin sou . .
.  thn pi÷stin mou,
v. 18;  hJ pi÷stiß, v. 20;  hJ pi÷stiß, v. 22 (2x); 
hJ
pi÷stiß
, v. 26.
[viii]
The
question with
mh/ in v. 14 anticipates a
negative answer.

[ix]
Note again
the anaphoric article in
ou¢tw kai« hJ pi÷stiß.

[x]
mh e¶rga e¶chØ expresses durative action.

[xi]
Compare
the
kaq∆
e˚auth/n
of James 2:17 with Acts 28:16;
Hebrews 6:13.

[xii]
In James
2:26, the “faith” which is compared to a body is, in keeping with the pericope,
intellectual assent to a body of doctrinal propositions.  Such intellectual assent, James
affirms, is not living without works, which are compared to the animating
spirit.  A living man, in contrast
to a corpse, has both a body and a spirit.

[xiii]
While the pisteu/w o¢ti in James 2:19 is not unable to express the totality of
what is involved in saving faith, it here emphasizes the intellectual assent of
the “faith” mentioned.

[xiv]
The
question of James 2:20 with
ouj, which introduces
the example of Abraham, expects a positive answer, as do the questions with
ouj in 2:4-7, 25; 4:1, 4.

[xv]
The verb to
justify
(dikaio/w) in James 2:21, 24, 25 does not refer to a legal
declaration of righteousness at the judgment bar of God, based solely on the
imputed righteousness of Christ, as it does in a variety of other texts in the
New Testament (Luke 18:14; Acts 13:39; Revelation 22:11) and especially
frequently in Paul, when he refers to the present justification believers
receive through the sole instrumentality of faith (cf. Romans 3:20, 24, 26, 28,
30; 4:2, 5; 5:1, 9; 8:30, 33; 1 Corinthians 6:11; Galatians 2:16-17; 3:8, 11,
24; 5:4; Titus 3:7).  A variety of
other senses of justification

appear in the New Testament (cf. 1 Timothy 3:16; 1 Corinthians 4:4).  The reference in James is rather to
Abraham being declared, manifested, or shown as righteous in this world, during
his lifetime, because of his righteous actions.  James’ declarative point is clearly stated in the
context:  “I will shew thee my
faith by my works” (James 2:18). 
Abraham was shown to be righteous because he offered up Isaac, and Rahab
was shown to be righteous because she protected the Hebrew spies.  Neither the predominant Pauline sense
of to justify
as a reference to
the Divine declaration of the believer as righteous based solely on the imputed
righteousness of Christ, nor the sense of to justify
in James 2, refers to justification as an infusion of
righteousness that confounds justification with progressive
sanctification;  in both Paul and
James justification is a declaration based on what is already present, not an
infusion of holiness that inwardly constitutes one righteous.  It should be noted that the New
Testament certainly does not always refer to justification as a legal
declaration by God directed towards men, although justification remains always
a declaration of righteousness rather than an infusion of holiness:  the children of wisdom justify wisdom
(Matthew 11:19; Luke 7:35);  God is
justified in his sayings and overcomes when He is judged (Romans 3:4);  people justify God by submitting to the
baptism of John the Baptist (Luke 7:29); 
the self-righteous wish to justify themselves (Luke 10:29), and, indeed,
the Pharisees were justifying themselves before men while they were still abominable
to God (Luke 16:15).  People can
declare God to be righteous, but they hardly can make Him so.  In light of the range in New Testament
usage, there is nothing out of the ordinary in James’ use of justification as a
this-worldy recognition of the righteousness of the righteous upon the earth,
nor does his usage of the verb in this sense contradict in the least the usage
of Paul about justification before the legal tribunal of God in heaven.

James’ usage of to justify also matches the dominant Pauline usage of the verb
to refer to present realities possesssed by the people of God upon the earth,
rather than an eschatological vindication.  In James 2 neither Abraham nor Rahab was justified with
reference to an eschatological judgment; 
Abraham offered up Isaac, and Rahab protected the spies, on the earth
during their respective lifetimes. 
Since all those who possess true faith will also be faithful, so that
those who have had Christ perfectly fulfill the law for them will also be
characterized by obedience to the law, there is no reason to deny that the
people of God will experience an eschatological vindication of themselves as
righteous associated with their speech and deeds (Matthew 12:37, cf. Romans
10:9-10).  Nonetheless those that
are shown righteous, whether in this life (James 2) or in eschatological
judgment, still have as the ultimate ground or basis of their standing before
God only a righteousness from Christ credited to them through faith alone.  Those who characteristically obey the
law will be justified (Romans 2:13), but not on the ground or basis of their
obedience to the law, but because the doers of the law are those who have
believed on the Lord Jesus Christ and consequently, by means of regeneration,
have become faithful, although their standing before God, whether during their
earthly pilgrimage or at the time of their standing before God in judgment,
remains solely based on the imputed righteousness of Christ.

[xvi]
Note God’s
statement of Abraham’s righteousness in Genesis 22:12, where Abraham’s
willingness to offer Isaac reveals the patriarch’s already extant faith,
resulting in the blessings stated in 22:16-18.

[xvii]
Compare
Hebrews 11:8-19.  Note the view of
James 2 in 1 Clement 10-12 also.

[xviii]
In the expression e˙k tw◊n e¶rgwn hJ pi÷stiß e˙teleiw¿qh, teleio/w + e˙k indicates
that faith is “made perfect” by works in the sense that faith reaches its
intended goal in works, rather than that faith is inherently imperfect or
flawed until a certain level of works become manifest.  A conceptual parallel is found in 1
John 4:12 (
e˙a»n
aÓgapw◊men aÓllh/louß, oJ Qeoß e˙n hJmi√n me÷nei, kai« hJ aÓga¿ph aujtouv
teteleiwme÷nh e˙sti«n e˙n hJmi√n
), where the love of God is “perfected” in believers as they love
one another in that Divine love is brought to its intended goal—certainly God’s
love is not imperfect until believers come to love one another enough.  The specific
teleio/w + e˙k construction in James 2:22 is a New Testament hapax legomenon, but Koiné parallels support the idea of
perfecting as being brought to an intended goal;  e. g., Philo refers to one who has been “made perfect by
education,” that is, brought to the intended goal by means of education (
e˙k didaskali÷aß
teleiwqe÷nti
, On Rewards
and Punishments
1:49; cf.
On Husbandry
1:42; On
the Confusion of Tongues

1:181).

[xix]
The “and
the scripture was fulfilled” (
kai« e˙plhrw¿qh hJ grafh/) formula of James 2:23 is Biblically employed for the fulfillment of
prophecy (Matthew 26:54, 56; Mark 14:49; 15:28; Luke 4:21; Acts 1:16) and
should not have its prophecy/fulfillment sense weakened in the exposition of
James 2.

[xx]
James
2:23,
fi÷loß
Qeouv
.  See Isaiah 41:8 (Symmachus, touv fi÷lou mou for
the Hebrew
y`IbShOa); 2 Chronicles 20:7; cf. John 15:14-15.  In Genesis 18, Abraham also showed
friendship/hospitality (
filoxeni÷a) to the Lord and two angels (Hebrews 13:2).  Abraham was the friend of God from the time of his justification
by faith, but he was called (
e˙klh/qh,
James 2:23
) and recognized as the friend
of God subsequently because of the works that manifested his faith.

[xxi]
Hebrews
11:31.  All the inhabitants of the
city of Jericho had the “faith” of the “vain man” of James 2:20 (Joshua
2:9-11), but only Rahab truly believed and entrusted herself to Jehovah (Hebrews
11:31; Joshua 2:11; cf. Deuteronomy 4:39) and consequently acted on her already
present living faith, so that she was saved instead of perishing with the
idolators of Jericho.  While those
in Jericho with the vain man’s “faith” perished as “accursed” (
M®rEj) under
the temporal curse of death and the eternal curse of the second death, “Rahab .
. . shall live” and be “saved . . . alive” (Joshua 6:17, 25,
hÎyDj) with all that pertained to her, delivered from spiritual, physical,
and eternal death with the pagans in Jericho, to possess spiritual life, a
blessed portion with the people of God, and eternal life.

[xxii]
From his
use of both Abraham and Rahab as illustrations, James demonstrates that in all
cases works proceed from true faith. 
If those from the status of the patriarch of Israel down to the status
of a Canaanite prostitute woman manifest their faith in works, surely all those
of any status with real faith will manifest their belief in works (cf. James
2:1ff.).

[xxiii]
pi÷stiß mo/noß.

[xxiv]
mo/noß aÓkroath/ß, the only other use of mo/noß in James.

[xxv]
Warfield
notes:

It was to James that it fell to rebuke the Jewish
tendency to conceive of the faith which was pleasing to Jehovah as a mere
intellectual acquiescence in His being and claims, when imported into the
Church and made to do duty as ‘the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Glory’
(James 2:1). He has sometimes been misread as if he were depreciating faith, or
at least the place of faith in salvation. But it is perfectly clear that with
James, as truly as with any other New Testament writer, a sound faith in the
Lord Jesus Christ as the manifested God (James 2:1) lies at the very basis of
the Christian life (James 1:3), and is the condition of all acceptable approach
to God (James 1:6, 5:15). It is not faith as he conceives it which he
depreciates, but that professed faith (
le÷ghØ,
James 2:14) which cannot be shown to be real by appropriate works (James 2:18),
and so differs by a whole diameter alike from the faith of Abraham that was
reckoned unto him for righteousness (James 2:23), and from the faith of
Christians as James understood it (James 2:1, 1:3, cf. 1:22). The impression
which is easily taken from the last half of the second chapter of James, that
his teaching and that of Paul stand in some polemic relation, is, nevertheless,
a delusion, and arises from an insufficient realization of the place occupied
by faith in the discussions of the Jewish schools, reflections of which have
naturally found their way into the language of both Paul and James. And so far
are we from needing to suppose some reference, direct or indirect, to Pauline
teaching to account for James’ entrance upon the question which he discusses,
that this was a matter upon which an earnest teacher could not fail to touch in
the presence of a tendency common among the Jews at the advent of Christianity
(cf. Matthew 3:9; 7:21; 23:3; Romans 2:17), and certain to pass over into
Jewish-Christian circles: and James’ treatment of it finds, indeed, its entire
presupposition in the state of things underlying the exhortation of James 1:22.
When read from his own historical standpoint, James’ teachings are free from
any disaccord with those of Paul, who as strongly as James denies all value to a
faith which does not work by love (Galatians 5:6; 1 Corinthians 13:2; 1
Thessalonians 1:3). In short, James is not depreciating faith: with him, too,
it is faith that is reckoned unto righteousness (ii.23), though only such a
faith as shows itself in works can be so reckoned, because a faith which does
not come to fruitage in works is dead, non-existent. He is rather deepening the
idea of faith, and insisting that it includes in its very conception something
more than an otiose intellectual assent. (“The Biblical Doctrine of Faith,” Biblical
Doctrines
, vol. 2 of Works)

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