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Spirit Baptism, the Historic Baptist View, part 8
[1] The “not many days hence” (ouj meta» polla»ß tau/taß hJme÷raß, 1:5) was fulfilled at the conclusion of the “in those days” (e˙n tai√ß hJme÷raiß tauvtaiß, 1:15) period when “the day of Pentecost was fully come” (e˙n twˆ◊ sumplhrouvsqai thn hJme÷ran thvß Penthkosthvß, 2:1).
My Field Trip to the Evangelical Theological Society Meeting part five
All of our audio for the 2011 Word of Truth Conference is up, with the exception of the panel discussion, which we will have soon.
The speech was called “Men Without Chests Revisited: Educating for Moral Imagination,” named after a chapter in C. S. Lewis’ book, The Abolition of Man. Lewis was referenced several times. Naugle had just left The Kilns, the C. S. Lewis house, having been its scholar-in-residence. The idea of Lewis, as reported by Miller, seemed very similar to the theme of Jonathan Edward’s Treatise on the Religious Affections. Men are without chests because they are acting according to their desires instead of their affections. Affections begin with the mind and end in the heart, but men without chests act according to sheer desire.
Miller contended that our culture has lost its moral imagination by destroying the channels through which it flows, namely the arts, music, literature, painting, sculpture, and architecture. He believes that we could recover those channels, however, and he offered steps by which he believed that could be accomplished through various means. Among those, he proposed the recovery of objective beauty, the resensitizing of ourselves to good and evil, the recovery of authentic subjectivity, the rehabilitation of both reason and the heart, and the recapturing of the channels of communication. He believes, as do I, that we are corrupting our imaginations by means of vulgarity and banality.
There were about 40 people in the room, and I looked to my right for this session and there was Kevin Bauder, sitting almost all alone on the speaker’s far left. From reading him, I knew that he would appreciate what Miller was saying. However, I didn’t see how that evangelicalism itself would. After the morning, I went to the front to talk to Miller. I asked him if he got wide reception in evangelicalism, because I didn’t see acceptance of what he taught there. At that point, he told me that he didn’t think so, but he needed to offer me a disclaimer—he wasn’t evangelical, but a Roman Catholic. I knew nothing of Miller at the time, but hearing that wasn’t entirely strange, because I’ve noticed evangelicals ejecting to Catholicism for many reasons, including the silliness of evangelicalism. However, I thought it strange (perhaps I shouldn’t have) that ETS would bring in a Roman Catholic for a presentation.
I told Miller that he sounded dogmatic in what he said. He wondered what I meant. It seems to be offensive to be called dogmatic in an evangelical setting. However, he spoke with great dogmatism, so I asked him if he thought that a violation of what he said would be a “sin.” He asked if I could give him an example, so I said, “What’s right behind you.” He said, “Oh, that’s just ugly.” I was referring to the modern art on the wall right behind him. “But,” I said, “isn’t that art immoral, at least according to what you presented?” You could tell his wheels were turning. I mentioned Roger Scruton, and was surprised he had never read him, because many of Scruton’s concepts were in what Miller taught. And I asked if he knew of Jonathan Edwards’ Treatise, and he did not know of it. Too bad.
Robert George
The next speech was via skype with Robert George, a professor at Princeton. George has done a lot of work in the realm of morality, having written a book on it in 1994. It was interesting watching him, because he sat there at a conference table in a multimedia room at Princeton with an overcoat and fedora draped over the table right behind him. He had no notes sitting in front of him, but substantive material flowed from him without hesitation. Several people, including Colson later, talked about the devastation of an age of relativism, but George said we don’t live in an age of relativity, but an age of selective relativity. In truth, students today on college campuses are absolutists. They have great conviction about what they want for themselves. They are relative about morals when they aren’t self-serving. There was some trouble with skype and so this speech was cut short.
Others
Naugle came on again to talk about popular culture. Scott Rae from Talbot School of Theology spoke about bioethics. The time ended with a challenge from Charles Colson by phone over speaker, which was really mainly a glorified advertisement for his DVD project, one which he and two of these speakers, George and Miller, are prominent. Colson is an interesting speaker with his White House background, passion, and intelligence, but his solutions ring hollow in light of his personal compromise.
That afternoon was the first plenary session in the main room in the Marriott. Kelly Kapic, a theology professor at Covenant College, spoke. I don’t have much to say about that one. In the afternoon, I was looking forward to hearing Craig Blomberg, Walter Kaiser, and Wayne Grudem, speak on various aspects of Theology of Work and Economics, but when I arrived the small room was so packed that there wasn’t even standing room. I decided to go home and go evangelizing with our teens. When I walked out of the small room, I overheard someone say that this was something that happened commonly at ETS, that is, putting several big names in one little room. The next day I heard Walter Kaiser, but I’ll write about that in my next post.
Spirit Baptism–the Historic Baptist View, part 5
one who believes that the baptism with fire of Matthew 3:11 and Luke 3:16
refers to the damnation of the unconverted in hell—a position that should not
be easily dismissed from the connection of the word “fire” in Matthew 3:11 to
that in 3:12[1]—can still
agree with the conclusions made in other parts of this series concerning the connection between Spirit
baptism and the church, the position that baptism with fire is synonymous with
Spirit baptism deserves serious consideration and should be considered correct
for a number of reasons. First,
the reader of the gospels could very easily conclude that they were
synonymous. One who simply reads
“I indeed baptize you with water . . . but . . . he shall baptize you with the
Holy Ghost, and with fire” (Matthew
3:11; ego men baptidzo humas en hudati . . . de . . . autos humas baptisei en Pneumati Hagio kai puri; cf. Luke 3:16) could
very easily think that the same “you” receives both the Spirit and fire,
namely, the “you” that receives water baptism, and that baptism Pneumati
Hagio kai puri, as both “Spirit” and
“fire” follow a single en in connection
with the single verb “baptize,” refer to the same event.[2] Furthermore, the men/de clause confirms the association of the several instances
of “you” in the verse. Second,
Acts 1:5 refers back to Luke 3:16.
Why would not the entire action of the verse, the Spirit and fire
baptism, happen at the same time?
Third, in Acts 2:3-4, the baptism with the Spirit and the appearance of
“fire” on the heads of those Spirit-baptized happens at the same moment. Would
not Theophilus, reading Luke-Acts, recall Luke 3:16 and think that this was the
baptism of the Holy Ghost and of fire?
Fourth, the gospel accounts in Mark 1:8 and John 1:33 both record only
baptism with the Spirit; fire is
not mentioned. This suggests that
there is one baptism with the Spirit and fire, since neither Mark nor John
believed the reader needed to hear about the other, as if simply mentioning
Spirit baptism covered both things.[3] Fifth, in Acts, only a record of Spirit
baptism as a fulfillment of John’s preaching is recalled from the gospels (Acts
1:5; Luke 3:16) and recorded (Acts 2), suggesting that baptism with the Spirit
and fire was a single event predicted by John. Sixth, the parallel between Spirit baptism’s validation of
the church and the coming of the shekinah
on the Old Testament tabernacle and temple[4]
supports the unity of the two baptisms.
Seventh, while one who believes baptism with fire is eternal torment
affirms that one either receives Spirit baptism or fire baptism, the disciples
in Acts never told anyone that, since they did not receive Spirit baptism, they
were going to get fire baptism.
Eighth, while Spirit baptism was a one time event, the lost who die are
cast into hell moment by moment, day by day, so the baptism with fire would
seem to not be a one time event, but something daily repeated, indeed,
something that is going on continually worldwide. The two would then not be very parallel. One who wished to extenuate this
difficulty might argue that the baptism with fire refers to the postmillennial
future after the Great White Throne judgment, when all the lost in Hades are
cast into the lake of fire (Revelation 20:11-15). In that case, while all the lost, throughout the entire Old
Testament and into the Millennium, get cast into the lake of fire and thus
allegedly receive fire baptism, only the tiny fraction of church age saints
connected with the events in Acts receive Spirit baptism, thus making the two
baptisms most discontinuous. John
the Baptist also did not prophesy that all the lost would receive the baptism
of fire—at the very least, people in the Old Testament dispensation are not
referred to in his preaching. A
fulfillment of fire baptism in the eternal torment of all the lost of all ages
thus makes the alleged fulfillment strikingly different than the
prediction. Ninth, no passage
states that the eternal state of the lost is a fulfillment of the baptism of
fire—the conclusion is an implication drawn from what are not foolproof
premises. Last, maintaining that
fire baptism is synonymous with Spirit baptism, on the historic Baptist view
elucidated below, makes both Spirit and fire baptism, like literal immersion in
water, ecclesiological, not soteriological events. Christ gathered His church
from those who had received the baptism of John, and it is the church that
received the baptism with the Spirit in Acts 2. John made “ready a people prepared for the Lord” (Lu
1:17) by bringing them to salvation and then baptizing them, so they could be
part of the congregation Christ was gathering (John 3:29), which the Savior
later authenticated by baptizing His assembly with His Spirit. Affirming that fire baptism is
damnation in hell moves this latter baptism from the realm of ecclesiology to
that of soteriology and eschatology.
As literal baptism is not a means of receiving salvation, no
metaphorical reference to baptism in the New Testament is ever clearly
soteriological. The cumulative
weight of the reasons above lead to the conclusion that, while the position
that the baptism with fire is the eternal damnation of the lost deserves
serious consideration, the position that the baptism with the Spirit and fire
is a single event should be preferred.
It
should be noted in relation to this argument, the strongest one for connecting
fire baptism and eternal damnation, that the fact that the Lord Jesus will do
what is stated in v. 11, and will also do what is stated in v. 12, do not make
the two synonymous. Verse twelve
refers to the eschatological gathering of the saints to glory and the related damnation
of the lost. Spirit baptism does
not denote anything in v. 12. Nor
does fire baptism, on either on the synonymous or the eternal torment view,
have anything to do with the eschatological gathering of the saints as wheat
into the garner at harvest time.
Thus, an affirmation that the judgment of v. 12 defines fire baptism as
eschatological damnation must explain why the entry of believers into glory is
not Spirit baptism, and thus why v. 12 defines the fire baptism of v. 11 but
does not define the Spirit baptism of the same verse.
James Martin, vol. 4, 2nd ed.
Edinburgh: T & T Clark,
1858 (elec. acc. http://books.google.com),
for an argument in favor of fire baptism as hell based on the analogy of
Malachi 3:2.
In
the words of Henry Alford on Matthew 3:11, “To
separate off pneu/mati aJgi÷wˆ as
belonging to one set of persons, and puri÷ as belonging to another, when both are united by uJma◊ß, is in the last degree harsh, besides
introducing confusion into the whole.
The members of comparison in this verse are strictly parallel to one another:
the baptism by water . . . and the baptism by the Holy Ghost and fire” (Alford’s
Greek Testament: An Exegetical and Critical Commentary, Henry Alford, vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1980 (reprint of 1874
ed.). Similarly, the Expositor’s Bible Commentary (ed. Frank E. Gaebelien; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1990)
notes on Matthew 3:11, “Many see this as a double baptism, one in the Holy
Spirit for the righteous and one in fire for the unrepentant (cf: the wheat and
chaff in v.12). Fire (Mal 4:1) destroys and consumes. There are good reasons,
however, for taking ‘fire’ as a purifying agent along with the Holy Spirit. The
people John is addressing are being baptized by him; presumably they have
repented. More important the preposition en (‘with’) is not repeated before fire: the one preposition
governs both ‘Holy Spirit’ and ‘fire,’ and this normally suggests a unified
concept, Spirit-fire or the like. . . . Fire often has a purifying, not
destructive, connotation in the OT (e.g., Isa 1:25; Zech 13:9; Mal 3:2-3).
John’s water baptism relates to repentance; but the one whose way he is preparing
will administer a Spirit-fire baptism that will purify and refine.” James D. G. Dunn writes, “There are not
two baptisms envisaged, one with Spirit and one with fire, only one baptism in
Spirit-and-fire. Second, the two
baptisms . . . are to be administered to the same people — uJma◊ß” (pg. 11, Baptism in the Holy Spirit).
associated with e˙n followed by two
prepositional objects, as in the aujtoß uJma◊ß bapti÷sei e˙n Pneu/mati ÔAgi÷wˆ
kai« puri÷ of Matthew 3:11, the two
objects are in the NT either universally or close to universally temporally
simultaneous. For example, in John
4:24’s touß
proskunouvntaß aujto/n, e˙n pneu/mati kai« aÓlhqei÷aˆ dei√ proskunei√n, worship in both spirit and truth takes
place at the same time. In Matthew
4:16’s toi√ß
kaqhme÷noiß e˙n cw¿raˆ kai« skiaˆ◊ qana¿tou, the people sat in both the region and shadow of death at the
same time. In Luke 4:36, e˙n e˙xousi÷aˆ kai«
duna¿mei e˙pita¿ssei toi√ß aÓkaqa¿rtoiß pneu/masi, Christ commanded the unclean spirits with
both authority and power at the same moment. The syntax of Matthew 3:11 is thus in favor of the view that
the baptism of the Spirit and of fire takes place at the same time—the day of
Pentecost in Acts 2. To make the
baptism of the Spirit a Pentecostal phenomenon and the baptism of fire a much
later act of casting the lost into the lake of fire does not suit the syntax
nearly as well. There is no way
that one can make Christ’s baptism with the Spirit happen at the same time as
the judgment of the lost in hell.
Compare the syntax of Matthew 3:11 to Matthew 4:16; Luke 4:36; 7:25; John 4:24; Acts 2:46; Ephesians 1:8;
4:24; 6:4, 18; Colossians 1:9; 2:18, 23; 1 Thessalonians 4:4; 2 Thessalonians
2:13, 17; 3:8; 1 Timothy 2:2, 7; 2 Timothy 1:13; 4:2; 2 Peter 3:11; Revelation
18:16.
presence of the view that the baptism of the Holy Ghost and of fire refers to
the single event of Pentecost in the patristic period. “Moreover, Christ is said to baptize with
fire: because in the form of flaming tongues He poured forth on His holy
disciples the grace of the Spirit: as the Lord Himself says, John truly
baptized with water: but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Spirit and with
fire, not many days hence” (John of
Damascus, An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, IV:9).
Lampe mentions texts where Origin, Cyril of Alexandria, Maximus
Confessor, and Didymus of Alexandria interpret as identical the baptism of the
Spirit and fire (ba¿ptisma, IX, Patristic
Greek Lexicon, ed. G. W.
Lampe). Of course, this is not the only view found in the
significant doctrinal and practical diversity of extant patristic writers. Basil, On the Spirit, 15:36, refers the baptism of fire to the
eschatological judgment of believers, alluding to 1 Corinthians 3:13, a view
also expressed as a possibility by John of Damascus following the quotation
from IV:9 of An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith above.
Unfortunately, this patristic view of fire baptism as eschatological
instead of Pentecostal may be a reference to the developing doctrine of
purgatory; compare Gregory Nazianzen, Orations 39:19.
Taking a different view, Eusebius, following Origen, refers to martyrdom
as baptism by fire (Church History,
6:4:3; cf. Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), Volume
2, Ante-Nicene Christianity,
2:27). While a comprehensive
analysis of all extant patristic literature was not undertaken, neither the
works represented in the Church Fathers: Translations of The Writings of the
Fathers Down to A.D. 325, ed.
Alexander Roberts & James Donaldson, nor in A Select Library of the
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, ed. Philip Schaff, series I & II, (elec. acc. Accordance
Bible Software; orig. elec. text in
the Christian Classics Ethereal Library) give any evidence for the view that fire baptism was reserved for
those who did not receive Spirit baptism, and thus that the baptism of fire was
specifically the damnation of the lost, nor does Lampe indicate the existence
of such a view in the patristic period (cf. ba¿ptisma, IX, Patristic Greek Lexicon, ed. G. W. Lampe).
Ghost took place at Pentecost is extant in the patristic period, so in the
medieval period Anabaptists affirmed that just as water baptism “can pertain to
none but the intelligent and believing,” so “the baptism of fire and the Holy
Ghost . . . was administered to the apostles by God Himself from heaven, [and]
this did not at all relate to infants, seeing that all who were thus baptized,
spake with tongues and magnified God. Acts 2:3, 4” (pg. 234, The Martyr’s
Mirror, Thieleman J. Van Braght. 2nd
Eng. ed. Scottdale, PA: Herald
Press, 1999).
Of
course, this must not be taken to imply that John the Baptist did not truly say
the actual words in the different gospels, but rather that the NT writers,
under inspiration, did not record the “and fire” phrase.
also the related comments of John Owen, commenting on the descent of the Spirit
on Christ in the form of a dove, and on His coming upon the church at
Pentecost:
dove, but the substance itself, I judge, was of a fiery nature, an ethereal
substance, shaped into the form or resemblance of a dove. It had the shape of a
dove, but not the appearance of feathers, colors, or the like. This also
rendered the appearance the more visible, conspicuous, heavenly, and glorious.
And the Holy Ghost is often compared to fire, because he was of old typified or
represented thereby; for on the first solemn offering of sacrifices there came
fire from the Lord for the kindling of them. Hence Theodotion of old rendered hOÎwh◊y, Genesis 4:4, “The LORD had respect unto Abel, and to
his offering,” by ‘Enepu/risen
oJ qeo/ß, “God fired the offering of
Abel;” sent down fire that kindled his sacrifice as a token of his acceptance.
the altar in the wilderness, upon the first sacrifices, “fire came out from
before the LORD, and consumed upon the altar the burnt-offering and the fat;
which when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces,”
Leviticus 9:24. And the fire kindled hereby was to be perpetuated on the altar,
so that none was ever to be used in sacrifice but what was traduced from it.
For a neglect of this intimation of the mind of God were Nadab and Abihu
consumed, Leviticus 10:1, 2. So was it also upon the dedication of the altar in
the temple of Solomon: “Fire came down from heaven and consumed the
burnt-offering and the sacrifices,” 2 Chronicles 7:1; and a fire thence kindled
was always kept burning on the altar. And in like manner God bare testimony to the
ministry of Elijah, 1 Kings 18:38, 39. God by all these signified that no
sacrifices were accepted with him where faith was not kindled in the heart of
the offerer by the Holy Ghost, represented by the fire that kindled the
sacrifices on the altar. And in answer hereunto is our Lord Jesus Christ said
to offer himself “through the eternal Spirit,” Hebrews 9:14. It was,
therefore, most probably a fiery appearance [of the dove] that was made. And in
the next bodily shape which he assumed it is expressly said that it was fiery:
Acts 2:3, “There appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire;” which was
the visible token of the coming of the Holy Ghost upon them. And he chose,
then, that figure of tongues to denote the assistance which, by the miraculous
gift of speaking with divers tongues, together with wisdom and utterance, he
furnished them withal for the publication of the gospel. And thus, also, the
Lord Christ is said to “baptize with the Holy Ghost and with fire,” Matthew
3:11. Not two things are intended, but the latter words, “and with fire,” are
added e˙xhghtikwvß, and the expression is e˚n dia duoivn,
— with the Holy Ghost, who is a spiritual, divine, eternal fire. So God
absolutely is said to be a “consuming fire,” Hebrews 12:29, Deuteronomy 4:24.
And as in these words, “He shall baptize with the Holy Ghost and with fire,”
there is a prospect unto what came to pass afterward, when the apostles
received the Holy Ghost with a visible pledge of fiery tongues, so there seems
to be a retrospect, by way of allusion unto what is recorded, Isaiah 6:6, 7; for
a living or “fiery coal from the altar,” where the fire represented the Holy
Ghost, or his work and grace, having touched the lips of his prophet, his sin
was taken away, both as to the guilt and filth of it. And this is the work of
the Holy Ghost, who not only sanctifieth us, but, by ingenerating faith in us,
and the application of the promise unto us, is the cause and means of our
justification also, 1 Corinthians 6:11, Titus 3:4-7, whereby our sins on both
accounts are taken away. So also his efficacy in other places is compared unto
fire and burning: Isaiah 4:4, 5, “When the Lord shall have washed away the
filth of the daughters of Zion, and shall have purged the blood of Jerusalem
from the midst thereof, by the spirit of judgment, and by the spirit of burning.”
He is compared both to fire and water, with respect unto the same cleansing
virtue in both. So also Malachi 3:2. Hence, as this is expressed by “the Holy
Ghost and fire” in two evangelists, Matthew 3:11, Luke 3:16; so in the other
two there is mention only of the “Holy Ghost,” Mark 1:8, John 1:33, the same
thing being intended (pgs. 98-100,
Pneumatologia: A Discourse Concerning the Holy Spirit, elec. acc. Christian Library Series vol. 9, John Owen
Collection. Rio, WI: AGES Digital
Software, 2005).
Is Certainty Hubris?
The new humility is doubt, except about certainty. You can without doubt and yet with humility reject certainty. However, if you are certain, be assured, today it must be hubris. I was recently searching for something I had published online, and came across an exchange about this in a comment section with Phil Johnson, leader of Team Pyro and executive director of Grace to You. This is the subject of the give-and-take. I’m going to take you through the little conversation with some play-by-play commentary.
To Phil from Kent: You are essentially with discernment drawing lines on what is culturally unacceptable and worldly in the way of contextualization. That’s what I’m hearing from the other side. I think we should be drawing lines. These things in culture do have meaning. This is what David Wells is saying in his books if I’m reading him right. This does impact the gospel in a bad way, a negative way, and sometimes the gospel is just downright changed to fit into something, as you would say, “uber-hip.”
Here’s what I notice though. You totally pooh-pooh people who do the same thing, if they are at the right of you. You mock them, ridicule them, in your own inimitable way. Now if Spurgeon is to the right of you, you don’t do it to him, but you do it to living, breathing people. In one recent article, for instance, you bring up how that some woman got after you when you were in college at a fundamentalist college, probably Tennessee Temple, and she told you your wire rim glasses were worldly, or something like that. You threw all cultural separatists under the bus with your very, very strange example. It is an example of a rhetorical device, a kind of broad brush. You will likely deny it, but it is true.
However, you don’t like the line (and neither do I) that Mark Driscoll crosses and many others that are either emergent or very fond of them. I agree with you.
The big HOWEVER is that it comes off as very subjective because of the way that you accept your social and cultural standards but you don’t accept theirs. I agree that theirs are wrong, but why are yours right?
Phil chose out one line of those many upon which to concentrate his reply.
To Kent from Phil: Kent: “I think we should be drawing lines.”
I don’t. I think we should observe the lines God draws for us in His Word. That’s pretty much the answer to all the questions you asked.
In my opinion, that’s a snarky answer. God draws all the lines. We draw none. I answered.
To Phil from Kent: Phil,
Very succinct. Let’s assume that I meant draw lines at God’s Word. So what is “fleshly lust” and “worldly lust” and “be not conformed to this world” and “the attire of a harlot” and “strange apparel” and “uncleanness” and “inordinate affection.” Do you make applications there or are we UNCERTAIN about how to apply Scripture? I used caps to help you understand one of my points.
Scripture, for instance, doesn’t tell me that I can’t have a Ronald McDonald-like clown dance around and sing the gospel like a Gilbert and Sullavin musical? So that means it’s fine?
God draws all the lines. Sure. But what defines corrupt communication? Do we have to draw that line? Phil draws his line at certain language, certain four letter words, and is dogmatic in areas the Bible says nothing about. Of course we do, in application to Scriptural principle. Phil knows this. He is just getting smoked out on the inconsistency. He replies.
To Kent from Phil: Kent:
My complaint with postmodernists and Emergents is that they tend to treat Scripture like nothing in it is clear and certain. My complaint with you is that in practice you tend to treat all your opinions and personal preferences as if they had unshakable biblical authority.
Virtually everything is clear and certain in your mind. The pomos’ pathological uncertainty is in part a reaction to the unwarranted hubris of the rigid fundamentalist perspective you represent, and vice versa.
Your argument starts with the same presupposition as the postmodernists, but you turn the conclusion on its head. They seem to think if we can’t understand and be certain about every point of truth, we can’t really know anythingfor sure. You likewise treat certainty and understanding as all-or-nothing propositions, but come to an opposite conclusion, loathing to admit that there’s any uncertainty or ambiguity about anything you believe. I reject the presupposition, as well as the erroneous (albeit opposite) extremes that both you and the postmodernists’ take it to.
I would stand instead with Peter: “Some things in [Scripture] are hard to understand” (2 Peter 3:16). And I stand with the Westminster Confession: “All things in scripture are not alike plain in themselves, nor alike clear unto all; yet those things which are necessary to be known, believed, and observed, for salvation, are so clearly propounded and opened in some place of scripture or other, that not only the learned, but the unlearned, in a due use of ordinary means, may attain unto a sufficient understanding of them” (1:7).
…and if you can’t find principles in Scripture that clear up the question of clown church for you, even in the absence of any explicit statement on the issue, you need to study Scripture more and seek a fuller understanding of it. There are scores of questions like that (some more subtle, some less so), and the answers to the various questions range from crystal clear to not quite so clear. We’re not all going to agree on the answers to every question, but that should not preclude our discussing them carefully, and it certainly doesn’t mean the person with the most rigid ideas should be the person who decides for everybody else, just because is perpetually cocksure that he is always infallibly right.
What do you think of some of Phil’s language to me, his descriptors of me? Where does God draw the line on “clown church.” He doesn’t, of course. He expects us to draw that line. So does Phil, despite his first comment. What a strange explanation for postmodern uncertainty Phil has. It reminds me of Daniel Wallace’s explanation of Bart Ehrman. He blames the uncertainty of postmodernism on the certainty of Bible believers. And Phil, of course, is certain that this extra-biblical speculation is the truth. Ironic. Phil’s moderate uncertainty is a better friend of the postmoderns. Does that seem strange to you? I answered.
From Kent to Phil: Phil,
That was an absolutely rhetorically loaded few paragraphs. And you’re dead wrong. You have brought up the point of due process. Due process deals with the point, but you instead say these things, inventing most of what you wrote:
“you tend to treat all your opinions and personal preferences as if they had unshakable biblical authority”—(name one, I mean it)”unwarranted hubris””cocksure””the person with the most rigid ideas should be the person who decides for everybody else””rigid fundamentalist perspective””infallibly right”
I repudiate as strongly as possible every one of those rhetorical techniques. Also you intimate that I have some predetermined standard and then look for principles later to back them up. I’ve preached expositionally for twenty years now through most of the Bible exactly because I don’t believe in that.
You intimate in the first paragraph of your comment that it is people like me (“fundamentalists”) create pomos. No way. . . . I think pomos are created the same way we see false teachers in Scripture are created. They won’t hear His voice (John 10).
You say that you draw the line at the Bible. Beautiful. But yet you know that my Ronald McDonald example is wrong when the Bible says nothing about it. How? Principles. Which is exactly how we draw our lines. You can’t have it both ways. You are drawing lines. You are getting criticized for it. God does expect us to judge culture. And we can be sure that it is wrong, despite the fact that some things are hard to be understood (in the context Paul’s eschatological passages, which you can understand being difficult to Peter still). Some culture is going to drag down the name of Christ, to blaspheme Him and consequently affect the gospel. Do you understand that you are saying that those to the left are uncertain and I’m rigid because I’m on the right of you? You are perfectly balanced. How about let’s just see what is Scriptural? I’m all for that.
Not everybody to the right of you is some kind of raving, knee-jerk, with one blood shot eye in the middle of the forehead. Do you understand that this sounds just like what you are name-calling me and us? I call that carnal weaponry. Let’s be all for using Scripture to judge the culture, eschew ourselves of some and hold on to the other.
Now about wire rim glasses and flared pants….
Maybe I don’t need to write much, because I answered it in the comment section to Phil’s blog post. The Peter passage about the ‘hard to be understood’ Pauline eschatalogical passages is used by both postmoderns and evangelicals like Phil in order to draw a truck through. I’m saying Phil can’t have it both ways. He can’t apply Scripture where it is silent and claim approved certainty and then accuse others of being too certain. This is where I think Phil and others should look at historic theology. What have Christians been sure has been a valid application of Scripture, and then why did those applications erode. It was because of worldliness and the acceptance of it. The worldliness, however, is part of the church growth methodology of Phil’s and other evangelical churches. They got where they were by both using and approving their own new measures and worldly behavior and worship. Just a few days ago, Phil wrote the following:
We’ve had a standing challenge for six years for our critics to point out actual examples (with cut-and-paste quotes, not a skewed paraphrase) showing where they think we have breached the bounds of taste, propriety, Christian charity, or good manners.
The complaints-to-substance ratio currently stands at about 500:1.
So I’ll add another aspect to that challenge: I’ll apologize and eat a worm if you can show one example where I have published watchblog-style criticism consisting of raw passion or verbal hysterics instead of rational or biblical arguments.
So what do you think? Did we meet Phil’s challenge? He breached the bounds of at least Christian charity and good manners. And there was no biblical argument, just speculation.
How Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism Are Teeming with Ecstatic and Demonic Influence
The church at Corinth, the one begun by Paul in Acts 18, was a horrible mess. Why? There are many reasons, but a few crucial and insidious ones are seen in 1 and 2 Corinthians.
19What say I then? that the idol is any thing, or that which is offered in sacrifice to idols is any thing?
20But I say, that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God: and I would not that ye should have fellowship with devils.
21Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord’s table, and of the table of devils.
All of life in Corinth was woven into its mystery religion, including business and labor. Almost every industry had its own god or idol. When a particular guild held a festival, the god was involved. The idol was nothing—like Paul wrote, it wasn’t anything. However, also like he said, when the Corinthians sacrificed to their idol, they were sacrificing to the devil, the demon, behind the idol. The danger of the association was not with the idol, but with the demon. People didn’t worship a hunk of rock or wood because one of those were so convincing, but because the demon was powerful and persuasive. The system of Satan was behind idol worship, so attendance to a festival brought a Corinthian church member under demonic influence. And then those members were bringing that into the church.
Demons are involved in the world. Like Paul said in Ephesians 6:12, “we wrestle not against flesh and blood.” Believers in Corinth and believers in evangelicalism and many in fundamentalism see their associations with the world—its entertainment, its music, and its art—as neutral as the rock or wood of a Greek idol. The notes, the celluloid, the canvass, the sounds of a steel stringed guitar—they are nothing—but there are the demons behind all of these. He that thinks he stands, take heed lest he falls (1 Corinthians 10:12). Satan ties believers up with their worldly associations.
Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 12:1-2:
1Now concerning spiritual gifts, brethren, I would not have you ignorant.
2Ye know that ye were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb idols, even as ye were led.
He doesn’t want the brethren ignorant about the gifts controlled by the Holy Spirit. But how does that relate to “dumb idols”?
When the Corinthians were yet unconverted (“Gentiles”), they were involved with a worship that carried them away and led them. The ecstasy and euphoria and experiences and feelings that were part of the idol worship manipulated them.
The true worship of God, genuine spiritual worship, does not “carry away” with feelings. That was the mystery religion of Corinth being brought into the church. It was a worship of being carried away with ecstasy. When that was brought into the church, the membership called it “spirituals” or “spiritual gifts.” The euphoria said it was genuine, and now the Corinthians couldn’t distinguish what was real and what wasn’t. Paul is saying here that what is controlled by the Holy Spirit will not be marked by being “carried away” or “led.”
Today’s evangelicalism and much of fundamentalism looks to worldly means for enhancing a church’s spiritual experience. The world considers as authentic music that charges or seduces the emotions. The church has borrowed the world’s music and methods to cause the same or similar euphoria. The people are attracted to the feelings as a genuine means of spirituality. When the people get “carried away,” they think that something truly spiritual has taken place.
When the church brings in these modern dumb idols, they also bring in the deceptive demons. The demons produce a deceitful counterfeit spirituality. They work in harmony with the music and the methods.
When Paul wrote in 2 Corinthians 6:16 about the agreement of the temple of God with idols, He wasn’t talking about the rock and wood. He was talking about the demons behind the idols. The idols were dumb. They couldn’t talk. They couldn’t influence. When he wrote in v. 17, “come out from among them, and be ye separate,” he meant, “Don’t bring the mystery religion into the church.” The mystery religion comes with its ecstatic experience.
Conservative evangelicals may not be Charismatic, but they have brought in the ecstatic experiences of the Charismatics into their own worship. They have labeled the Jesus’ movement with its own worldly trances and ecstasies as a genuine spiritual revival. Don’t think they haven’t also brought in the demons that operate with the world’s music and methods. When the fundamentalists have brought in the worldly new measures of Charles Finney, they have accepted another kind of euphoria and religious enthusiasm in their churches. In so doing, evangelicalism and fundamentalism are teeming with ecstatic and demonic influence.
If you are an evangelical, even a conservative one, or a fundamentalist, and this has been part of the operation of your church or group, what will be ironic is that you will likely defend your own brand of ecstasy or euphoria like a Charismatic will defend his less than scriptural spiritual experience. After all, you felt it. It was your own, as personal as a lip print. And it also might help explain the growth of your church or even movement. If you don’t deny it, you can see your future shrinking numbers. God is working. How do you know? Who can deny the results you’ve seen? God must surely be doing something in your midst. And it couldn’t be dumb idols. Those are nothing.
You have been deceived just like the Corinthians.
Abuse pt. 1
The term “abuse” has caught my attention. The way that it has been borrowed as a propaganda weapon had me wondering about its history. Ironically, “abuse” has been abused.
First, the English word is in the King James Version, so it goes back in the English at least to 1611. The English word first appears in 1 Samuel 31:4 and the Hebrew word is pronounced aw-lal. This first usage is when Saul asks his armor bearer to thrust him through with his sword and “abuse” him (parallel in 1 Chronicles 10:4, same story, same Hebrew word, same English translation). The Hebrew verb in the hithpael, which is how it is used there, means: “to deal wantonly or ruthlessly.” Of course, the particular abuse is to be impaled with a sword—not our typical idea of abuse. We wouldn’t even use the term “abuse” for that. But aw-lal is found quite a few times before 1 Samuel 31:4, which is how we would understand a word, how the Hebrew word itself is used. It seems so far that the understanding of “abuse” is related to motive. Someone wants to hurt or harm someone. It isn’t for his good at all, and in this case, it is the death of Saul.
Aw-lal is used for the first time in Exodus 10:2, and in the hithpael, translated “I have wrought,” speaking of what God did in His plagues on Egypt. He “abused” Egypt. How God treated Egypt is different than how he treated His own people when He chastised them. God punished Egypt toward its destruction.
Another early usage of aw-lal is in Numbers 22:29, when Balaam says that his donkey is mocking him. The word translated “mock” is aw-lal. Balaam is receiving verbal abuse from a donkey.
Aw-lal is used again in Judges 19:25 and again translated “abused,” which in this case describes the horrific treatment of the mean of Gibeah against the unnamed concubine. What happened there is called “abuse” in English and is again the Hebrew aw-lal. Not ironically the dealing of those men who did this to the concubine is called aw-lal, translated “they gleaned” (in the poel), in Judges 20:45.
In the King James Version, only aw-lal is translated “abuse,” and only the two times of 1 Samuel 31:4 and 1 Chronicles 10:4, parallel passages.
In the New Testament, the Greek verb translated “abuse” (katachraomai) is found only twice, both used by the Apostle Paul in 1 Corinthians (7:31, 9:18). In both cases, “abuse” is taking something that is good and then perverting it for wrong purposes. That seems to fit with the etymological understanding of the English word, abuse being a wrong use of something. The Greek word is compound, chraomai meaning “to use,” and kata meaning here “against, over against, or opposite,” together “to use the opposite of its intended purpose.” In the first usage, Paul uses the word for a misuse of the world and the second a misuse of the gospel. Abusing the world would be to have the world be something more important than it is and misusing the gospel would be to have it being something less important than it is.
The King James Version in 1 Corinthians 6:9 uses the term “abusers,” as in “abusers of themselves with mankind,” but the Greek word is the word for homosexual. The translators saw homosexuality as the misuse of the body God created, so it was an abuse of the body. A lot of times the term “abuse” is used that way today with drug abuse and alcohol abuse, but they saw homosexuality as sexual abuse, which it is.
The above is essentially the usage of “abuse” in the Bible, but as well opens our eyes to what people saw as “abuse” in England in 1611 through the eyes of the King James translators.
How would one go about understanding the term “abuse” in history? I chose to see the samples in google books, since you can view literature from the 16th century (1500s) there and take advantage of the unique search feature.
In 1590, Theodore Beza makes commentary on the Hebrew text of the Psalms, and he opens some explanation of Psalm 50 with the question: “How long, o ye hypocrites, will ye abuse (abufe) the patience and longsuffering of God?” This isn’t his translation, but he believed the thought was implied to us in the awesome description of God at the beginning of this psalm of David. So in this case, it is God being abused in the lack or irreverence of the worship.
Lancelot Andrewes uses the term “abuse” (abufe) in 1593 in his An Apologie for Sundrie Proceedings by Jurisdiction Ecclesiastical. On p. 102 he uses the verb “abuse” to describe what a judge would do when he judges a man wrongfully. The man is being “abused.”
In 1599, you could have ordered from an English catalogue, A Treatise Concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed, including the second chapter, titled “The Gross Abuse of Matrimonial Chastity.”
One of the doctrinal statements of the Reformed church was the Second Helvetic Confession, written in 1562 and revised in 1564. Originally in Latin, they were translated into English. Chapter 28 is entitled, “The Goods of the Church and the Right Use of Them,” and it can be read in Philip Schaff’s The Creeds of Christendom. The word “abuse” is used in that section to describe how men in the church misuse the material goods or money of the church. Misuse of church funds is called “abuse.”
William Shakespeare, in 1593 in his Venus and Adonis, wrote: “Torches are made to light, jewels to wear,
Dainties to taste, fresh beauty for the use,
Herbs for their smell, and sappy plants to bear;
Things growing to themselves are growth’s abuse.” I’ll let his use of “abuse” explain itself, but it is how the English term was primarily used, that is, something of a particular use being used for something opposite.
In 1659 a book was written by Nicholas Clagett, The Abuse of God’s Grace, attacking the cheapening of grace by the libertines.
Richard Baxter in 1658 in a treatise on conversion wrote: “As long as you are unconverted, you live in the continual abuse of God, and all His mercies.”
The earliest I found of the terminology of “abuse of children” is found in 1699 in the address to parliament, Lex Forcia, “to remedy the foul abuse of children at school.” I believe that “abuse of children” was related to what was occurring with the abuse of corporal punishment in their schools as found in William Hazlitt’s Schools, School-Books, and Schoolmasters. Certain corporal punishment as “abuse of children” is warned back as far as 1669 in England.
In 1775, Thomas Whithers calls blood-letting the “abuse of medicine.” If George Washington had only read this in time….
As we move into the 19th century (1800s), we find more usage of “abuse of children” and we read it mainly to be what was done to children sexually. In commentaries on the laws of England in 1874, rape of children is called “defilement” and “abuse” of children. In a digest of reported cases from 1756 to 1870, again the term “abuse” is used to describe sexual abuse. In the penal code of the state of California in 1877 “abuse” is again relegated to sexual abuse, but other bad treatment of children is categorized as the “endangerment of children,” which includes “moral endangerment.” The same code also punishes Sabbath breaking, which included all labor and disturbing of the peace.
An early usage of “spanking” that I saw called “abuse of children” was in the life and work of David P. Page in 1893, a section that I think many would find of great interest, in which Page lays out some suggestions for young teachers for the right usage of corporal punishment of students.
The first case that I found of someone calling all spanking “abuse of children” was in the American Journal of Politics in 1894. It seems today to be a mainly post-Darwin understanding of anthropology that would view all corporal punishment as abuse. Although if you were to read An Outline of Educational Theories in England, you also do see an opposition to corporal punishment in certain post-Enlightenment, early naturalistic philosophers like John Locke, especially in his “Thoughts on Education.” Not many picked up on what Locke was writing.
I’m not going to deal with 20th century history, because we know that the term “abuse” began to take on whole new meanings that were especially related to developments in psychology.
More to come.
God Expects or Assumes a Separate Visible Symbol of Authority for Men and Subordination for Women
1 Corinthians 11:3-16 is in the Bible. I’m not going to say “sorry,” because the Bible is good for you. So those verses are good for you. God is good. And it is His world that He created. You’re part of it. So you and me function better when we operate within His design.
Don’t read into v. 3.
But I would have you know, that the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God.
Authority and submission are in play all over the place. God has it be that way. Christ is the head of every man, not just married ones. And God is the Head of Christ. Have a problem with that? Didn’t think so. That’s good with you. But what about the one sandwiched between those two? The man is the head of the woman.
I’m going to assume that you don’t think that “the man” and “the woman” are a universal, invisible man or woman, but representative of the particular. But now the spin begins. And I’m not going to talk about what that is, just that men in general are in headship over women in general. Men are in authority and women are in submission. So 1 Corinthians 11 isn’t talking about marriage, that married women should submit to their husbands. No, women are to submit to men, and that should show up everywhere. If you are arguing, move down to v. 16, because there shouldn’t be any contention over this. The apostles weren’t arguing over it, so no one else should have been.
Maybe you’re good with all this so far, but I’m guessing it’s already controversial, just like it would have been in Corinth—hence, v. 16. But the point of the post is about the symbol of male authority in dress and then the symbol of female submission in dress. Does God expect or assume that from His own? Yes, He does. 1 Corinthians 6:10.
Paul makes his point about the female head-covering in vv. 6-7 and then argues for it in vv. 8-10. In v. 10, he writes:
For this cause ought the woman to have power on her head because of the angels.
Paul’s argument is about angels. I’m not even going to go into that. I want you to consider just the one point.
A woman ought to have power on her head. Power on her head? What’s that? I’m not endorsing the ESV one iota, but here is how the ESV guys translated the same Greek words. I believe they are correct in their understanding of what that is, when they translate, “a symbol of authority on her head.”
The head-covering in Corinth was a symbol of the man’s authority over the woman, whether it be a father and a daughter, a husband and a wife, or whatever other man-woman relationship it was. It wasn’t to “tell the difference between men and women.” It wasn’t to “make the man look more masculine and the woman to look more feminine.” It was a symbol of subordination for the woman. Women were not wearing it because they knew what it symbolized. That was the whole point to not wearing it. Women weren’t abstaining from the veil because they wanted to look like men, but because the veil meant submission.
Paul spent all of these verses about this one issue, what some want to dismiss as “non-essential.” If it was non-essential, then Paul could have just said, be charitable toward the women not wearing the head-covering, because in non-essentials after all, there is charity, and in all things unity. The modern idea of unity is accepting the no head-covering wearing women. They’re fine.
In Corinth, the head-covering was one symbol of female subordination of women to men even as not wearing it was a symbol of male headship of men over women. We still do have a symbol of male authority and female submission in our culture. For men it is pants and for women it is the skirt or dress. This symbol still does exist, although not to the extent that it once did, but that is in a major way because professing Christians have conformed to the world. Whatever the symbol is in the culture, that is the one that Christians should follow. If the world has no symbol, Christians should originate their own. They don’t need to, however, in the United States, because we already have the symbols here. The symbols, however, are necessary because of, among other reasons, created order (v. 9) and because of the angels (v. 10). If anyone understands authority and submission it is angels. One insubordination landed angels under God’s condemnation forever.
I know some people believe that Paul made the head-covering permanent. I’m not going to argue about that in this post. I know some will say that wearing the veil is only for worship time, during praying and prophesying. I know that others will say that the symbol is nothing more than the hair length. I’m not going to debate any of that. These verses cannot be nothing! Most evangelicals and fundamentalists interpret them the same way that I do in this post. They simply choose to disobey them, to rebel against them, to snub their noses at God. And then they provide cover for each other by mocking those who call for obedience. Or they attempt to muddle the discussion to the degree that, since no one can actually know what these verses are talking about, they don’t have to practice them. That’s not going to fool God. Not. at. all.
The Sharper Iron Crowd Ignores the Peter Van Kleeck, Jr. Post
On 9/25/11, Peter Van Kleeck, Jr. posted the following on the Sharper Iron English Bible Text Debate Forum:
In 1558 William Whitaker, a master apologist for the truth of sola Scriptrua, wrote his comprehensive apology against the Roman Catholic dogma of Bellarmine and Stapleton on the topic of Holy Scripture – Disputations on Holy Scripture. Under the First Controversy and the Sixth question Whitaker writes concerning the necessity of Scripture,
“For if in civil affairs men cannot be left to themselves, but must be governed and retained in their duty by certain laws; much less should we be independent in divine things, and not rather bound by the closest ties to a prescribed and certain rule, lest we fall into a will-worship hateful to God.” [523]
So for this brief post, here is the question, to those whose trust rests in the quality and certainty of modern scientific textual criticism [MSTC], in what way is MSTC “bound by the closest ties to a prescribed and certain rule” seeing that Holy Scripture falls most conspicuously under the category of “divine things”?
I maintain that MSTC is not bound but rather is a “will-worship hateful to God.” For the nay-sayer, I concur that a form of textual criticism was in practice before the likes of MSTC, but that form was not of the same genus. Not of the same genus in that pre-Enlightenment textual criticism was subject to the leading of the Holy Ghost as manifested in the spirit-filled believing community of the time, whereas MSTC is subject to the scientific deductions of select scholarly board. For those perhaps a bit confused on this point, here is a slice of Theology 101. Where the Holy Spirit is leading the word of God is also present, and where the word of God is present so also is the leading of the Holy Spirit. MSTC pretends no such thing. You need not look any further than the several prefaces to the various editions of the leading Greek NT’s on the market today. The goal of the MSTC scientific exercise is not for certainty, truth, or doxology, but for scientific worship of their own wills by oppressing the church with their findings and declaring all others uneducated, ignorant, and old-fashioned. So I conclude, where the Spirit of God is leading, the word of God accompanies that leading, thus pre-Enlightenment textual criticism is not of the same genus as MSTC, and should not be considered as such.
For those who seek to position MSTC with in the limits of the “prescribed and certain rule” [i.e. Holy Scripture], know that if you cannot, then you are in danger of condoning, supporting, and advancing a “will-worship hateful to God.” Why is it will-worship? Because MSTC’s goal is professedly not that of God’s will but of a never-ending scientific endeavor governed by the limitations of human cognition to locate God’s words. [i.e. men worshipping their own will to decide certain content qualities of divine revelation] Why is it hateful to God? A willful act not subject to the will of God is what brought us sin and the fall of man. Thus, MSTC is nothing more than an present day extension of that god-overthrowing will evidenced by our first parents.
The purpose of this post is to sharpen the iron of the supporters of the MSTC, by challenging them to locate MSTC in the greater exegetical and historical tapestry of Bibliology and if they cannot, to abandon MSTC as a system suitable for the work of Christ’s Kingdom.
Some will say that no one has commented because it is “just such a waste of time.” Others will say that it is “just a worn-out, now boring, so yesterday issue.” Some might say that they are “through with King James Onlyism.”
If his post were of the Ruckman, double inspiration, or even English preservationist fare, it would get comments. People would say something. Long stretches of commentary and argument have been made over on Sharper Iron on this subject, even recently. What Van Kleeck writes is not old and boring and so yesterday. Those who support what he calls MSTC (modern scientific textual criticism) haven’t dealt with what Van Kleeck is writing.
Now I’m going to get into opinion, even speculation. Why is it that no one over at Sharper Iron is answering Van Kleeck?
First, it is very difficult to answer. Someone doesn’t want to embarrass himself by answering. It is true and whatever someone throws up against him will look bad. Ignoring is the better tack. There’s deniability there.
Second, he sounds like he knows what he is talking about and it is easier to make points against straw men and people who don’t know what they’re talking about. And then you just broadbrush everyone else into that person’s category. Here you have someone that knows theology, philosophy, and history.
Third, and related to the second, he has read more about this than the normal Sharper Iron reader. The normal Sharper Iron guy has read what fundamentalists have written, the modern books. He doesn’t know historic bibliology.
Fourth, and related to the second and third, the Van Kleeck post ruins the fundamentalist and evangelical fake narrative on this issue. They’ve got to have it be a twentieth-century only issue. That narrative is easier to shoot down. What Van Kleeck is writing about is the actual issue, the true, the real narrative, and no one would want to give it any credibility by even commenting to it. They feel better off just ignoring it.
Fifth, you won’t be able to use your typical cliches, propaganda, and mockery with what Van Kleeck wrote. It doesn’t soundbyte very well for your affectionate crowd.
Sixth, MSTC have now created an environment where they don’t have to answer to the truth. At least on earth. They will be better off with a Bible with a percentage of doubt. They will get along with more people, be more popular, and even be more faux-scholarly. The emperor is still wearing no clothes.
Seventh, Van Kleeck just seems very, very smart and Sharper Iron guys just don’t want to get whipped up on. Even the name, Van Kleeck, Jr. sounds intimidating, like he would be a theological sharpshooter who would throw up theological raisins and shoot them out of the air.
So the cowering continues.
How to Handle Doctrinal and Practical Problems with Other Churches
Some have called our church isolationist, that we isolate ourselves from all other churches. That’s not true. We do fellowship with other churches, and that fellowship is with churches of like faith and practice. We have begun and continued fellowship based upon common belief and practice. What happens when we believe or recognize that one of the churches with whom we are in fellowship does not believe and practice the same way as we do?
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