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The Historical Story of External Factors Perverting the Meaning of Church (part two)

Part One

The Part Played By Religious Persecution

Under Roman auspices, Judaism persecuted the church at Jerusalem right after its beginning in the first century.  Both were Jewish, the religion of Israel and the church, and the Roman Empire didn’t distinguish between the two.  To Rome, the church was a mere sect of the Jewish religion.  With more conversion to Christ and the spread of churches across the then-known world, Rome began persecuting churches across its Empire.

Subservience to Jesus Christ threatened allegiance to Rome.  This replayed in future centuries under nations and other governments where states required devotion and sought to eliminate their competition.  The Roman Empire became steeped in polytheism, including worship of the Roman emperor.  This clashed with New Testament churches of the first century, threatening the Roman view of the world and presaging an uprising.

As Christianity began to spread, it faced increasing hostility from both local populations and the Roman state, which viewed it as a challenge to traditional religious practices and societal norms. The need for cohesion became paramount as churches sought to protect themselves from external threats.  The decentralized nature of early and biblical Christianity, characterized by local congregations each led by a single bishop, seemed inadequate to address the challenges posed by the power of the secular government.

Consolidation of Power and Pragmatism

Leaders of churches consolidated power into prominent pastors and churches, leading to a hierarchy among churches and their elders.  This resulted in the emergence of bishops who could oversee multiple congregations and coordinate responses to persecution, thereby fostering a sense of unity across different regions.  They reinvented church government by adding layers of extra scriptural authority, in part so they could disseminate information more efficiently regarding threats across regions to cope with persecution.

Newly conceived extra-scriptural and hierarchical networks organized mutual support among churches to share resources, send aid to persecuted members, or coordinate collective actions against oppressive measures imposed by local authorities of the Roman Empire.  The idea here was that New Testament government wasn’t suitable to face its opposition.  This new type of government was superior and more efficient.  Rather than biblical, it was pragmatic.  To defend this pragmatism with scripture necessitated reassigning new definitions to the already plain meaning of the text of the New Testament.

Altering Scriptural Roles

The term “bishop” (from the Greek word episkopos, meaning overseer) began to be used to describe leaders who had authority over multiple congregations.  This altered the scriptural role of the bishop over only his congregation, not other pastors and churches.  Nothing substantial in the first two centuries in historical writings advocates for something more than local leadership of pastors in separate churches.  Since Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire, the church at Rome took on prominence in this new iteration of ecclesiological organization.

Skilled and successful pastors, actual ones, shepherding their congregations according to the New Testament could become marked for higher authority in these newly devised positions.  Bigger is very often thought to be better.  Seeking for greater things meant something beyond local only, even if that’s what the Lord Jesus Christ started and the New Testament taught.  Men rationalized these new offices with a need to help the churches.  They could both complement and supplement the churches in a protective and helpful manner.  This meant though also deferring to these more powerful offices.

Human government doesn’t tend toward shrinking.  The tendency is toward something bigger and even intrusive, exerting power over people.  Many suggest that Nicolaitism represented an early form of clerical hierarchy where church leaders exercised dominion over laypeople.  Etymological analysis supports this notion.  When breaking down “Nicolaitan” into Greek components, it means “conquering” (nike) and “people” (laos), implying a conquering authority over the laity.  Revelation 2:6 and 15 chronicle the rise of Nicolaitism in the first century.

Defenses of New Positions and Perverting Doctrine

New theories emerged about the nature of the church to justify innovations in governance of churches.  All of this, men deemed, would work better, but it meant finding this in scripture too.  The Petrine theory emerged from passages in the New Testament, particularly Matthew 16:18-19, saying that Jesus referred to Peter as the rock upon which He will build His church. This presented Peter with a unique role among the apostles.

The concept of apostolic succession began to develop, suggesting that Peter, as one of Jesus’ closest disciples, passed on his authority to his successors in Rome.  Early ecclesiastical leaders such as Irenaeus and Clement of Rome acknowledged a connection between Peter and the bishopric of Rome.  They deemed regional power over churches like the apostles.  In his writings, Against the Heretics (3:3:2), Irenaeus writes:

We point out here the successions of the bishops of the greatest and most ancient Church known to all, founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul, that Church which has the tradition and the faith which comes down to us after having been announced to men by the apostles. With that Church, because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree, that is, all the faithful in the whole world, and it is in her that the faithful everywhere have maintained the apostolic tradition.

Irenaeus held up Polycarp as an example of apostolic succession.  By the late second century, figures like Ignatius of Antioch acknowledged the special status of the church in Rome due to its association with Peter and Paul. This recognition laid groundwork for later claims about papal authority.

More to Come

How Jesus Relates Persecution to the Gospel in the Sermon on the Mount and His Example to Us In Doing So

In what is called “the Sermon on the Mount” in Matthew 5-7, Jesus preaches salvation to a Jewish crowd of people and pulls down with supernatural wisdom and authority their unique strongholds.  For instance, in the very first statement, one of the Beatitudes, He says, “Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.”  The Jews didn’t see themselves as spiritually poor, but spiritually wealthy.  They were by rights, God’s chosen people.  Of course, they were already “blessed” through the Abrahamic covenant, and even in their own eyes, the Mosaic covenant, according to the Deuteronomic code.  None of their thinking was true on this, so Jesus eviscerated it in the Sermon.

Another Jewish thought is “the kingdom.”  They would have considered themselves already the beneficiaries of the kingdom through the Davidic covenant.  “Heaven” is the abode of God and they saw themselves as the children of God, so wherever God was, they would be, even as God resided in the tabernacle through the wilderness.  Jesus confronts their wrong thinking when he shows the rich man is in Hell, not in heaven in Luke 16.  None of this, the kingdom or heaven, was theirs, however, unless they were poor in spirit, which meant that they acquiesced to their own spiritual poverty, that they really were lacking and in dire need.  They needed to do what the Apostle Paul did and count their own spirituality as loss and as dung for them to win Christ or find themselves under the reign of the Messiah in His kingdom with all its promised blessings.

The Jews already saw themselves as sadly and badly not receiving their just desserts, their appropriate reward.  According to their own assessment, they were persecuted by the Romans as they had been by many other various empires previously.  This would fly in the face of being a blessed people and a kingdom people.  It was an unacceptable circumstance that should be turned around and would be reversed by a true Messiah.  That’s not what Jesus said though.

Just like the people in the kingdom of heaven would be first poor in spirit, they would also be persecuted for righteousness sake (Matthew 5:10).  Persecution is the guaranteed cost of a truly saved person and Jesus frontloads this in His gospel presentation in Matthew 5:10-12.  As people enter into true salvation through Jesus Christ, they need to expect persecution.  They need to count the cost.  Jesus said in Luke 9:23, that if any man will come after him, let him take up his cross daily.  Jesus issues that understanding right up front to those who might receive the kingdom.  It’s a narrow road with few on it.

Churches today do not give their targets for attendance or membership the impression that they will suffer or be persecuted by joining up.  That’s a way to shrink the numbers.  However, it is the method of Jesus.  He included that in His gospel presentation and more than once.  Do not expect to have it easy if you’re a Christian, and that’s not why you’re receiving Christ, for what you’ll receive in time, because that’s going to be persecution.  Very likely why less are truly converted today is because they do not see the Christian life as worth suffering for.  They would choose a Christianity full of pleasure, but not the one with guaranteed pain, so they reject genuine Christianity for the placebo.  Churches offer the placebo, because that’s what people want.  Then the entire program of the church revolves around various pleasures, especially for the young people.

The Jews thought they were persecuted already, but they were were persecuted for unrighteousness.  Daniel prophecies why Israel would be dominated by the Romans.  He was downhearted by the lack of enthusiasm for God among the captives in Babylon, comfortable to just stay and not return to the land for true worship of God.  They would keep being chastised because of their faithlessness and then they took that as persecution.  Actual persecution is for righteousness and not unrighteousness.  Just because the Jews of Jesus’ day were suffering didn’t mean they were persecuted and neither did it mean they had a future kingdom for them.  No, that kingdom was only for those persecuted for righteousness.

People in the future kingdom do not fit into the present one, the kingdom of this world.  The people under the future reign of Jesus are those who want a present reign of Jesus.  People who want Him to be king in the future have got to want Him to be king in the present.  Those over whom Jesus reigns will be persecuted. They will not fit in. They will be despised, reviled, and accused falsely by men.  That will be the norm for those following Jesus Christ into the kingdom and He wants them to know that right up front.

Jesus isn’t going to take away persecution in the short term.  He offers the future kingdom as a motivation for present rejoicing.  The basis for being exceeding glad now is the reward in heaven for all eternity.  There is a lack of joy in churches and in professing Christian families because of something far less than persecution.  The church and family members are not getting their way and they don’t like the discomfort now.  They expect to be treated better and have their rights protected.  When they get hard preaching from scripture they become easily offended.  When they are required to live like a Christian, they are put off and threaten to quit, if not just to find another church where they’ll be treated like they want.

Professing Christians aren’t looking for a church where they will suffer.  They are looking for a place of creature comforts with lots of friends.  This is not what Jesus told true believers to expect.  He told them just the opposite and He included it in His gospel presentation.

Cancel Culture and Religious Persecution

Everyone should cancel something.  I remember canceling my subscription to Sports Illustrated when it started publishing the swimsuit issue.  I understand the marketing aspect of that issue.  Sports Illustrated can make more money with the issue than without, so they’re willing to lose the lesser number of subscribers for the greater number.  Sports Illustrated could stay in business.  This isn’t canceling Sports Illustrated.  They stay in business.  I’ve canceled it, because it’s the right thing to do.

Amazon, the behemoth corporation, canceled a book by Ryan T. Anderson, that was published three years ago.  Joe Biden becomes president and Anderson’s book, When Harry Became Sally: Responding to the Transgender Moment, is canceled.  Amazon suddenly wouldn’t allow it on.  I understand, he can sell the book, but Amazon doesn’t own the internet.  In particular, Amazon cancels a book, which isn’t politically correct.  It cancels a point of view closer to a biblical view.  Silencing a biblical point of view we would understand as persecution.
When you read the book of Acts and look at the history of persecution, you can see a rising trajectory.  In Acts 2, opponents of the truth mocked the believers as drunk with new wine (Acts 2:13).  Mockery is a root level persecution, but it also portends of things to come.  We’re already to mockery in this country.  It’s hard to make an exact comparison, because Rome and Palestine were not democracies or republics.
More than ever people think you’re silly for being a Christian.  You see the look in their faces.  This is especially in the big cities, the blue areas.  It’s everywhere though especially related to true biblical Christianity.  If you dress modest, carry a Bible, so that they know you’re a Christian, you are marginalized, excluded, and unfriended.
Second in Acts 4 was threatening.  Authorities threatened the disciples about talking.  Evangelism is more difficult.  The Covid-19 has affected this.  People are more emboldened to say you can’ talk to someone about the Lord if he doesn’t want it.  I understand the laws about trespassing.  I’ve been kicked out of two apartment complexes and threatened at another housing complex.  We still have opportunities.  I’ve noticed a difference, that’s what I’m saying.
The third step was imprisonment.  This is when the government punishes someone.  That’s happened too.  I would compare this to government policy even short of throwing someone into jail like what occurred with Peter and John in Acts 4.  This is the man in Colorado who wouldn’t bake a cake.  This is a child punished in the public school for saying a biblical truth.  This is the outlawing of biblical child discipline.  This is the exclusion of biblical doctrine in the state schools.
Fourth in Acts 5 was beating.  Peter and John were beaten for their testimony for Christ.  Peter and John of course rejoiced because they were counted worthy to suffer for His name.  The government is punishing people, but not with actual physical punishment.  However, there is a threat of unofficial physical punishment for those who stand for the truth.
Fifth is the killing of first Stephen in Acts 7 and then James in Acts 12.  Before that, Jesus was crucified.  I think we’re a ways off from being put to death in the United States for preaching Christ.  Maybe that won’t even come until the Antichrist reveals himself.  Right now you’d be killed still in several other countries and the United States does not have a policy of standing for those people.
Cancel culture is religious persecution.  It’s not at the level of beating and death, but it is in that trajectory, as seen in the book of Acts.

AUTHORS OF THE BLOG

  • Kent Brandenburg
  • Thomas Ross

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